Historia Krajów Anglojęzycznych obszaru językowego

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Historia Krajw Anglojzycznych obszaru jzykowego

26.02.2009

PREHISTORICAL TIMES

55 BC

Before Christ it means that prehistory endend there, the proof are knowledge, tales spken betweengenerations, painting in caves, archological discoveres

C.6000 BC

Britain becomes separated from the European mainland sea

4500 BC-3500 BC

Forming techniques are introduced from the continent.

4500 BC- 3500 BC

Simple pottery begins to be made

4500 BC- 2500 BC

Increasingly sophisticated stone tools are made using new polishing techniques.

Houses become increasingly solid and permanent.

Earlier Noelitic houses wre often rectangular, but by about 3000 BC roundhouses may have become moreimportant. This coincidens with the apperance of circular ritual moniuments, such as henges and passagegraus.

4500 BC- 25000 BC

Carpentry and coppice woodworking is developed.

The hollowing out of trees for lon-boats bagan in the Mesolithic (Middle Ston Age) but carpentry (usinglarge structural timbers for bulding) was a Noelithic (Late Ston Age) innovation. Coppicing is the regularcutting back of a tree or shrub to stimulate the rapid growth of schoots. The polished flint axe was the


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main tool used. Large trees were felled with axes and split into planks. Smaller rods and poles, cut fromcoppiced hazel, alder and willow, where woven to make fances and hurdles.

4500 BC- 2000 BC

- Flint and stone begins to be mined from underground

- Small permanent settlements are developed

4000 BC- 3000 BC

Communal burial begins to be practised

Earlier Noelithic ( Late Ston Age) communities buried their dead in chambered tombs.

At Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of PapaWestray, a Neolithic formstead has been wonderfully wellpreserved, and is claimed to be the oldest preserved ston house in northern Europe, with radiocarbondating showing that it was occupied from 3500 Bc to 3100 BC, earlier than the very sililar houses in thesettement of Stara Brae.

3500 BC

First ceremonial centers appear.

First stone circles and henges' are built

The most popular- Staonehenge

3000 BC

-Passage" graves are developed

-Settelements proliferate and more land is clear from farming

3000 BC- 1500 BC

Ritual landscapes' like henges and round barrows proliferate

3000 BC- 1500 BC


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single graves in round borrows replace communal burial

C. 2500 BC

Metalworking develops with improvements in furnace technology

Metalwork increasingly sophisticated.

Early Bronze Age( 2500-1500 BC) saw the regular production of more sophisticated metalwork, consistingmainly of axes, daggers and tanged" spearheads(attached to the shaft by a prong).

Developmnent of bronze axes leads to advances in woodworking techniques.

C. 2400 BC- 2200 BC

Specialist" create highly decorated beaker' pottery beaker' people

2000 BC- 1400 BC

Elite leaders are buried with elaborate grave goods

April- June 2049 BC

Seahenge is constructed on the Nortfolk Coast

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c. 1800 BC

First industrial- scale cooper mines are dug

Mount Gabriel is thought to have produced about 370 tonnes of copper and Great Orme 175 to 235tonnes.

c. 1500 BC- 1200 BC

More sophisticated metal weapons and ornamentation appear

In the Middle Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC) smaller forms of axes (palstaves) began to appear alongsidethe first stocked' spearheads (attached to the shaft by a hole in the base). Thrusting weapons (dirks,rapiers) appeared, as well as elaborate bronze pins and bracelets.


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1500 BC- 800 BC

Ceremonial practices change as new religious ideas develop

Before about 1500 BC rituals, ceremonies and religion followed practices established in the later Neolithic(Late Stone Age). After the date, burial in round barrows was replaced by cremation in cemeteries, with orwithout barrows. From about 1500 BC, hoards of metal items occur with increasingly frequency, oftenplaced in or near wet places as votive offerings- a practice that continued through the Iron Age.

c. 1500 BC-800 BC

Lighter socketed' axes prove to be effective woodworking tools

Prior to the 1970s, the smaller, lighter socketed' axes (attached to the shaft through a hole) of the LateBronze Age were regarded as being functionally inefficient. They are known in huge numbers from hoardsfound across the British Isles. But recent evidence from preserved timbers and complete wooden

hafts(shafts or handles), has shown they were both effective and adoptable tools, with the heavy, well-balanced hafts compensating for the relative lightness of the axe head.

1500 BC-800 BC

Major lowlands valleys are extensively settled

c.1200 BC- 800 BC

Production of metal objects increases and diversities rapidly

In the Late Bronze Age(1200-800 BC) both forms and quantities of metalwork increased rapidly. Majorinnovations were smaller stocketed' axes (attached to the shaft through a hole) and swords with leaf-shaped blades intended for slashing.

The Celts

c. 1200 BC- 800 BC

Celtic culture and tribal kingdoms start to emerge

Changes in religion, ceremonial and burial practices imply social change. The new structure persistedthrough the Iron Age and has been labeled as Celtic'. It seems probable that the late Bronze Agecontrolling elites comprised a large proportion of society and may have been centered upon a warrioraristocracy'. This is the period when the numerous tribes of Britain began to combine into the largegroupings that became the named tribal kingdoms of the Iron Age.


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Middle Irish, ancestral to:

Irish

Scottish Gealic

Manx

BRYTONIC

Pictish 9possibly)

British

Cumbric(extinct)

Old Welsh, ancestral to;

Middle Welish, ancestral to:

Welsh

Southwester Brythonic ancestral to:

Breton

Cornish

800 BC-700 Bc

First hill forts are constructed

Originating in the late Bronze Age (1000 BC- 800 BC), the hill forts of the early Iron Age are found over awide area of the British Isles.

700 BC- 500 BC

-Ironworking technology becomes widespread

Iron objects dating from the sixth or even seventh century BC are known from England, Scotland andWales, but the widespread adoption of iron only became common during the fourth century BC.

Iron Age tools: saws, chisels and other carpentry tools very similar in form to modern ones.

700 BC- AD 43


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Small farming settlements with networks of fields start to develop\

Throughout the Iron Age there is evidence for extensive networks of field associated with small farmingsettlements. A mixed farming economy is suggested by cattle, sheep and pig remains and the processingof cereals including wheat, barley and oats.

500 BC- 100 BC

British landscape becomes dominated by hill forts

Many of these sites supported sizable populations and acted as service centers for a growing ruralpopulation.

500 BC- AD 0

First brochs" or stone towers are constructed in Scotland

The earliest brochs" date from 500- 200 BC, and many were still occupied into the first millennium AD.They were built using two concentric, dry- stone walls to create a hollow tower. Between The walls weregalleries and stairways leading to upper levels. Wooden upper floors probably provided the main livingspace, with the ground floor used as a secure store for livestock. Brochs are mainly located in northernand western Scotland, Orkney and Sheltland, with the best example at Mousa on Shetland.

Druids

The priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies of Western Europe, Britain and Ireland

Religion

Scholarship

Teaching

Medicine

History

330 BC

Pytheas of Massilia circumnavigates Britain

Pytheas of Massilia (now Marseilles), a Greek merchant and explorer, circumnavigated the British Islesbetween about 330 and 320 BC and produced the first written record of the islands. He described theinhabitants as skilled wheat farmers, usually peaceable, but formidable in war when they used horse-drawn chariots. He also described the Cornish trade in tin with the Mediterranean.


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300 BC- AD 0

Somerset Levels lake villages of Glastonbury and Meare are built

Built on large timber platforms, these settlements were set on the edge of a now vanished area of marshand open water. In Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, smaller lakeside settlements called crannogs'are known.

200 BC- AD 0

Highly-skilled gold and bronze smiths create decorative objects

The later Iron Age saw the creation of superb bronze and gold objects. Many of those items weredeliberately buried or placed in rivers and lakes, probably as religious offerings.

Finds from the Thames include the Battersea Shield and the Waterloo Helmet.

200-75 BC

Belgae arrive:

the establish first towns

they bring heavy ploughs

100 BC Coins are use and produced for the first time

Cunobelinus ( Cymbeline)- Celtic king

Late summer 55 BC Roman general Julius Caesar raid south east England

After conquering Gaul ( modern France and Belgium), Julius Caesar crossed the Channel with twolegions- about 10, 000 men- probably to carry out reconnaissance and send a warning to the British allies

of Gaulish tribes.

Summer 54 BC Julius Caesar launches a full- scale invasion of England

Julius Caesar invaded Britain for the second time with five legions- about 25,00 men- and won a series ofbattles before his fleet at Deal was oca again wracked by storms. An impending rebellion in Gaul forcehim to withdraw, never to return, but Britain was now within Rome's sphere of influence.


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Summer 52 BC Renegade Gaulish leader Commius, who fled to Britain, founds a new kingdom

Commius, ruler of the Gaulish Atrebates tribe, fled Gaul and became king of the Atrebates tribe of south-central England, with a capital at Silchester( near Reading). There he issued his own coinage, the earliestexamples dating from 30 BC.

50 BC- AD 43

Very large settlements known as "oppida" emerge

The settlements know as "oppida" (from Latin, meaning an administrative centre) were usually very largesites, sometimes defined by rivers or long ditches and banks. Many are associated with centres of tribalpower, trade with the Roman world and rich burials. Examples include Colchester, St Albans andSilchester in southern England. By the time of the Roman invasion, the could be found as far north asStanwick in YORKSHIRE. No oppida are know in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The Roman and Celtic

Late summer 55 BC

Roman general Julius Ceasar raid south east England

Summer 54 BC

Julius Caesar launches a full- scale invasion of England

Summer 27 BC

Roman emperor Agustus plans The invasion of Britan

Roman influence grows in souther Britain

c.Winter AD 9/10

Cunobelinus becomes king of the Catuvelauni tribe

Cunobelinus (William Shakespare's Cymbeline), ruled the Catuvelllauni for about 30 years and conquereda huge territory

Winter AD 39/ 40

AD 61 Boudicca the queen of the Iceni, one of the Celtic tribes, led one of the last great rebellions againstthe Romans

The wall, know as Hadrian's wall, is 73 miles long and stretches from Newcastle to Solway. It was builtbetween AD 122 and AD 128.

Roman empire in 117 AD (map)

Britain became a Roman province with privileged municipalities: York, Gloucester, Lincoln, Colchester andVerulamium


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(jurisdiction over an area of a presently- day county)

The rest of Britain was divided into cantons that corresponded to Celtic tribal areas.

caster', chester', or cester'(from castra'-camp) such as Chester, Lancaster, Gloucaster, Winchester, etc.

Roads

Pretani"- Britannia"

Skills of reading and writing

Romans leaving Britain- 409 AD

Anglo- Saxons

432 patrick begins his missionary work in Ireland

449 Angles and Saxons arrive in south east Britain

516 Britons under an unknown leader defeat the Angles and Saxons at Mount Badon

565 columbia founds a monastery on the Scottish island of Iona

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597 Augustine arrives in Kent and begins the conversion of England

Christians in England:

To be equal to European monarchs

To have prastiage and gain power

116 Ethelberht, the first Christian English king dies in Kent

664 Synod of Whitby is held to settle differences between Roman and Celtic clergy

668 Theodore is consecrated as archbishop of Canterbury

731 Bede finishes his "Ecclesiastical history of English People"

757Offa comes to the throne of Merccia (757-69)

789 first recorded Viking attack happens in Dorset

Tiw, Woden and Thor and the goddess Freya

shire- reeve (a reeve is a high officer- our word sheriff comes from the word shire- reeve)

Place names:\

ing=family, folk(Reading- place of the family Rada)


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harm- farm, ton=settlement (Nottingham)

Witan

Section of crops harvest.

Spring crops

Autumn crops

Left unplanted

The heptarchy:

East Anglia 2. Essex(East Saxons) 3. Kent 4. Mercia 5. Northumb 6.Susex(South Saxons) 7.Wessex( west Saxons)

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781- first attack of Northerns Vikings

793- attack monastery

829- conquest of Mercia

867- Viking armies capture York (base for future attack inside the land of England), attack Mena, kill bothAnglo- Saxon king, kill Edmund ( Vikings come to England to settle)

886- After agree a heavy with Vikings to divide England

899- Alfred of Wassex dies, Alfred the Great. Wassex only independent city from Vikings for repossessingthe West of England

Aeth Ethelstan- king of Wassex first king of England

Attack of Normand and Vikings

Normandfrom Northern France

954- end of rule of Vikings in England

973- Edgar- king of England, then murdered by his enemies

1013- Vikings from Denmark again in power, Edward flies away

1016- king of Denmarkking of England

Edward the Confessor

Herold Godwinsion

William the Buster

THE NORMAN CONQUES


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Normandy

Normandy is a region in northern France which in the years prior to 1066 experienced extensive Vikingresettlement. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under theirleader Rollo to settle in northern France.

The Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen from which Normandy is derived.

The Normans- adapted to the indigenious culture, renounced paganism and converted to Christianity;adopted the language d'oil of their new home and added features from their own Norse language,transforming it into the Norman language.

1002- the King of England Edward the Confessor , who had spent many years in exile in Normandy,succeeded to the English throne

1066 King Edward the Confessor died

Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerfulof the English aristocracy, who was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned byArcybishop Aldred.

Duke William claims that he had been promised the throne by King Edward at that Harold has swornagreement to this.

Harald III of Norway (herald Hardraada), also contests the succession.

Both William and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships for an invasion.

September 1066Harald Hardrada, King of Norway , invades England.

20 September 1066Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, defeats the English at the Battle of Fulford

25 September 1066Harold II defeats and kills Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge

28 September 1066William of Normandy lands at Pevensey on the South coast of England

14 October 1066William of Normandy defeats and kills Harold II at Hastings

1070William the Conqueror subdues the north of England

1070


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first Norman stone castle is built in Wales

31 My 106Revolt of the Earls' endswith the execution of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

1077Bayeux Tapestry illustrating the Battle of Hastings is completed.

Christmas 1085Domesday Book is instituted to survey the English lands of William the Conqueror

1 August 1086Landholders swear loyalty to William the Conqueror at Salisbury

9 September 1087William the Conqueror dies at Rouen, Normandy

26 September 1087William II (William Rufus, second son of William the Conqueror) is crowned at Westminster Abbey

2 November 1088William II defeats a rebellion against him

28 May 1089Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury dies

July 1091Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, invades England

6 March 1093Anselm of Bec becomes archbishop of Canterbury

11 August 1093work begins on a new cathedral church at Durham

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The feudal system

Sovereign

Barons or tenants- in- chief (vassals)

Knights

Peasants

26 September 1087

William II (William Rufus, second son of William the Conqueror) is Ccrowned at Westminister Abbey


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2 November 1088

William II defeats a rebellion against him

28 May 1089

Landfranc, archibishop of Canterbury, dies

July 1091

Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, invades England

6 March 1093

Anselm of Bec becomes archbishop of Canterbury

11 August 1093

Work begins on a new cathedral church at Durham

1096 Oxford University is funded

Balliol Collage, Merton Collage, University Collage

September 1096

William II takes custody of Normandy for three years

8 November 1097

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, leaves England after a row with William II

2 August 1100

William II is killed while hunting in the New Forest

5 August 1100

Henry I is crowned in Westminster Abbey

23 September 1100

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, returns to England

20 July 1101

Robert, Duke of Normandy, invades England

10 August 1103

Massive storm wrecks crops

28 September 1106

Henry I defeats and captures his brother, Robert of Normandy


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25 July 1110

Matilda, daughter of Henry I, is crowned empress of the Germans

Midsummer 1114

Henry I invades Wales, Forcing Gwynedd and Powys to submit

20 August 1119

Henry I defeats Louis VI, king of France, at the Battle of Bremule

25 November 1120

Henry I's son, William, drowns on the "White Ship"

25 December 1126

Henry I settles the accession on his daughter, MatildaThe following year, Matilda, widowed by the death of her husband the German emperor, Henry V, was

married to Geoffrey of Anjou, nicknamed Plantagenet'(after the boom flower, which he adopted as hisemblem)

22 December 1135

Stephan is crowned king after the death of Henry I in Normandy

September 1136

Welsh forces defeat Normand lords in the Battle of crung Mawr

30 september 1139

Matilda lands at Arundel, West Sussex, to claim the throne of England

2 November 1148

Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, dies

May 1152

Henry of Anjou- the future Henry II of England- marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.

The marriage brought a vast of France into Henry's possession.

1153

Treaty of Wallingford secures Henry of Anjou's claim to English Throne

January 1153

Henry of Anjou arrives in England to press his claim for the throne

4 December 1154

Englishman Nicholas Breakspear becomes Pope Hadrian IV


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19 December 1154

Henry II, The first Plantagenet' king, accedes to The throne

House of Normand

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19 December 1154

Henry II, The first Plantagenet' king, accesed to The throne

29 December 1170

Henry II's sol dier murder Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury

October 1171

Henry II visits Ireland to assert his ovnership

6 July1189

Henry II dies and is successed by his brother John

1209

Migrant schoolars establish a university of Cambridge

27 July 1214

John loses Normandy and Rother French Possesion after Battle of Buuuiness

John lack land' and soft sword'

15 June 1215

John and his Boros signs The Magna Carta

The Magna Carta:

- Taxes and Propert Rights: The Magna Carta prevented The king from raising taxes without his Barons'permission, except in a few special situations, and from demanding goods Or services without paymentfrom his free subjects. It also limited the power of the barons levy taxes on their own feudal subjects, andprotected debtors from having their land seized to pay their debts, except as a last resort.


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- Inheritance: The Magna Carta protected the widows and heirs of barons from having to payunreasonable fees to receive their inheritance, and ensured that they would receive enough money to liveon even if their husbands or fathers died in debts, as well as making the royal officials who managed theexrates of underage heir accountable for how the estates were run. It also limited the power of the king toforce the widows and children of barons to marry, a power John had abused for his own profit.

- Justice and the Courts: The Magna Carta set up permanent courts for different kinds of case, and forcedroyal official who accused someone of a crime to produce witness to prove their case. It protected freemen from fines that would ruin them or that were out of proportion to their crime, and protected noblesfrom being picked except by the rest of the nobility. On the other hand, The Magna Carta also establishedthat priest could be fined under the same rules as lay people.

One of the most significant and tossing clauses in the Magna Carta is clause 39, which protects free manfrom being arrested or punished in any way unless the punishment has been agreed by a jury of theirequals or decreed by law. This is called the right of habeas corpus. John had also a promise that To noone will we sell, to o one deny or delay right or justice'.

-Making pace: some of the permissions of the Magna Carta undid things John had done as king,especially during the war with the barons, that the barons, that the barons considered unfair F.e., Johnhad to restore public land he had claimed as royal property; investigates charges that his officials had

mismanaged his properties, return any money or property he had taken from the barons as punishment forcrimes that had never been properly tried in a court, and sack Gerard de Athee, a nobleman who hadbeen John's right-hand man and had enforced a lot of John's unpopular policies. Gerard and his familywere banned from ever holding public office again.

To make peace with the Barons, John was also forced to dismiss his army of foreign soldiers andmercenaries, and to release the hostages he had taken during the war (including the children of Englishnobles and Welsh and Scottish royalty).

-Existing Freedoms; the government of the city of London, along with other local governments, had alwayshad certain freedoms, mainly having to do with free trade[4]; the Magna Carta confirmed these. It alsoconfirmed that both English subjects and citizens of other countries had the right to enter or leave Englandfreely, unless they had been legally arrested or exiled, or come from a country at wra with England. Most

important, John established the independence of the English Church, including its rights to its own leadersand officials.

-The Council of Barons: One of the most important steps the Magna Carta took was setting up a council oftwenty five barons to enforce the right it granted. The council had the right to challenge the king if he orany of his officials broke any of the provisions of the Magna Carta, and if the king refused to makereparations, the council could force him to comply by seizing his castles, land and property. The MagnaCarta ever obliged the public to make the council's side against the king if this happened.

The council wasn't elected by the people- when members died or left, the removing members choosenoblemen to replace them- but by setting up a group of subjects with the power to hold the king toaccount, and punish him if he didn't abide by the law, the Magna Carta paved the way for later creation ofParliament.

1216-1217

France invades England in support of rebel barons and John dies.

28 October 1216

Henry III is crowned king of England

25 September 1237


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Treaty of York decides the Anglo-Scottish border. The Treaty of York, signed between Henry III ofEngland and Alexander II of Scotland, fixed the Anglo-Scottish border. It has remained unaltered town ofBarwick. Barwick alternated between even since, with the exception of the disputed town of Barwick.Barwick alternated between English and Scottish control before its final capture by the English in 1482.

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1245

Henry III begins to rebuild Westminster Abbey

1258

Rebellious barons create a council to advice Henry III

4 December 1259

Treaty of Paris settles the future of English possession in France

1265

Simon de Montfort's parliament' is summoned

1267

Henry III acknowledge Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's lordship in Wales

20 November 1272

Henry III dies and is succeeded by his son Edward

1282

Edward I defeats Welsh leaders and annexes Wales in 1301, he made his eldest son, also Edward, princeof Wales, a title the eldest son of the English monarch continues to take to this day.

July 1290

Edward I expels, all Jews from England

1295

Edward I summons his Models Parliament.

5 July 1295

Scotland and France seal the Auld Alliance'

23 August 1305

Scottish rebel William Wallalace is executed by the English


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7 July 307

Edward I dies and is succeeded by his son Edward II

1315-1322

Millions die in the Great European Famine

1316

Edward Bruce leads on expedition to Ireland

September 1326

Isabella invades England and overthrows Edward II

20 January 1327

Edward II is murdered and Edward III becomes king

1330

Edward III seizes control of the throne from his mother, Isabella

Hundred Years' War Between England and France begins 1337-1453

1337

King Philippe VI of France declared the duchy of Guyenne fortified by Edward III for the latter's harboringRobert d'Artois a troublesome criminal in the eyes of French crown. Edward III sent letter of defiance to

Pilip of Valois, who calls himself king of France'- These incidents are usually cited as the Beginning of theHundred Year's War.

1338

Edward' III's ambitions were supported by the newly appointed leaders of the Flemish- townsman seekingindependence from France.

Jacob von Artevelde formed commercial treaty with Edward III and encourage Edward to claim the FrenchCrown.

1339

Edward III's first personally led campaign in France (launched from Flenders into Thieracte) provedineffective, as well as financially costly. He returned to England to a better prepare for a future invasion.

26 August 1346

English defeat the French at the Battle of Crcy.

7 July 1348

Black Death' enters Britain


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19 September 1356 Edward the Black Prince' defeats and captures John II, King of France

22 June 1377

Edward III dies and is succeeded by Richard II

15 June 1381

Peasants Revolt is dispersed by Richard II at Smithfield, London

1382

Winchester College is founded

December 1384

Church reformer John Wyclif dies

1387

Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" appear

October 1394- May 1395

Richard II makes an expedition to Ireland

30 September 1399

Henry IV is proclaimed king of England

1413

St. Andrews is established as first Scottish University

20 March 1413

Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son Henry V

1414

Rebel Zollands are defeated by Henry V

25 October 1415

Henry V defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt

21 May 1420

Charles VI cedes France to Henry V in the Treaty of Troyes

31 August 1422

Henry VI becomes king of England and France before his birthday

21 September 1435 Treaty of Arrars break the alliance between Burgundy and England


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1437

Henry VI assumes power as a king of England

Joan of Arc

Saint Joan of arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc; c.1412-30 May 1431) is a national heroine of France and acatholic saint. A peasant girl born in Easter France, she lead the French army to several importantvictories during the Hundred Year's War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for thecondition of Charles III. She was captured by the Burundians, sold to the English, tied, by an ecclesiasticalat court, and burned at the stoke when she was nineteen years old. 24 years later, on the initiative ofCharles VII, who could not possibly afford being seen as having been brought to paver with the aid of acondemned heretic Pope Celluxtus III reviewed the decision of the ecclesiastical court, found herinnocent, and declared her a martyr. She was beatified in 1909 and later canonized in 1920. She is one ofthree patron saints of France.

17 July 1453

The France defeat the English at the Battle of Castillon- the end of the Hundred Years' War.

22 May 1455

Wars of the Roses with the first Battle of 5th Albans

The House of York- was a brunch of the English royal House of Plantagenet ( three of whom becameEnglish kings in the late 15th century. The House o York wa descented from Edmund of Langley, 1 stDuce of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward II:

Edward IV

4 March 1461- 3 October 1470

Edward V

9 April- 25 June 1483 (murdered)

Richard III

26 June 1483-1485

The House of Lancaster- was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Lancaster providedEngland with 3 kings:

Henry IV of England

1399-1413


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Henry V of England

1413-1422

Henry VI of England

1422-1467/1470-1471

29 March 1461

Lancaster's are defeated at Towton Edward IV is proclaimed king

30 October 1470

Henry VI is briefly restored to The throne

4 may 1471

Yorkshire defeat the Lancastrions and kill Edward Prince Of wales

1477

William Caxton publishes the first printed book in England

9 April 1483

Edward IV dies and is succeeded by his 12- year old son Edward V

July 1483

Richard III becomes king and the Prnces' in the Tower' disappear

22 august 1485 Henry Tudor defeats Richard III AT The Battle of Bosworth

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HOUSE OF TUDOR

The Tudor Rose; a combination of The Red Rose of Lancaster and The White Rose of York.

THE TUDORS

HENRY VII

30 October 1485 Coronation

4 June 1487 Henry VII defeats a Pretender to his throne at the Battle of Stoke


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24 February 1496 Henry VII signs the Magnus Intercursus" trade treaty with the Netherland

2 April 1502 Arthur, Prince of Wales dies, leaving his widow, Catharine of Aragon

8 August 1503 James IV of Scotland marriages Margaret, daughter of Henry VII of England

21 April 1509 Henry VII dies and is succeeded by Henry VIII

9 September 1513 James IV of Scotland is Defeated and killed at the Battle of Flodden Field

1515 Thomas Wolsey becomes a cardinal and Lord Chancellor

17 October 1521 The pope grants Henry VIII the title Defender of the Faith"

1527 Henry VIII appeals to the pope to annul his marriage

15 May 1532 Church agrees to support Henry VIII in his confrontation with the papacy

25 January 1533 Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn, following divorce from Catharine of Aragon

November 1534 Act of supremacy makes Henry head of the English church

6 July 1535 Former Chancellor Sir Thomas More is executed for treason

The ruins if Fountain Abbey as they stand today. Fountain Abbey was one of most important abbeys ofEngland before Henry VIII's programme of confiscating Church lands and property.

1536-1540 Henry VIII starts to confiscate and sell monasteries

1536 Hans Holbein, a German artist, becomes painter to the king

19 May 1536 Henry VIII's second wife Anne Boleyn is executed

Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger.

Anna Boleyn when she was briefly Henry's queen (1533-1536)

4 August 1536 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer receives the first Bible in English

12 October 1537 A male heir, Edward, is born to Henry VIII and Jane Seymour

1541 Henry VIII changes his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland

14 December 1542 James V of Scotland dies

28 January 1547 Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by nine- year- old Edward VI


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Historia Krajów Anglojęzycznych obszaru językowego

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