h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

39

3

h≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒh≥I-c-Iƒ

BkvtX-en-b, hSt° Ata-cn-°, sXt°-

A-ta-cn° XpS-ßnb h≥I-c-IfpsS `q]-IrXn,

Imem-h-ÿ, hn`-h-߃, a\p-jy-PohnXsØ

kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hsb

Ipdn®v ap≥]v \n߃ ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿°p-at√m?

$ C\n ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS≠ h≥I-c-Iƒ GsXm-

s°-bmWv?

$ G‰hpw hen-∏-ap≈ h≥Ic GXmWv?

Gjy

temIsØ BsI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS aq∂n¬

Hcp mKw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ h≥I-c-bmWv Gjy.

3

NnXw 3.1˛temI-`q-]Sw

kvYm\w

A£mwiw tcJmwiw

Gjy 10°11′ sX°v 26°2′ Ing°v -

81°12′ hS°v 169°40′ ]Sn™mdv

temI-`q]Sw \nco-£n®v Gjy h≥I-c-

bn -eqsS IS-∂p -t]m-Ip∂ ][m\

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v Is≠ØpI.

A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg -sIm-Sp-Øn-

cn-°p∂hbv°v DØ-c-߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-XpI.

$ Gjym h≥I-csb B^n-°-bn¬ \n∂v

th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ I\m¬

$ Gjy-bnse G‰hpw hen-∏-ta-dnb cmPyw

Gjy

BkvtS-enb

bqtdm∏v

B n°

A‰vem‚nIvkapZwhSt°

Ata-cn°

sXt°Ata-cn°

]k- nIvkapZw

C¥y≥kapZw

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

40

3$ Gjysb Np‰n°nS-°p∂ kap-Z-߃

$ C¥y-bp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶v hbv°p∂

Gjy≥ cmPy-߃

$ hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂v Gjysb

th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ IS-en-Sp°v

`q]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

Gjysb Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-

fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃

$ a[y-]¿∆X tiWn-Iƒ

$ sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT-`qan

hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃

(Northern low lands)

B¿´nIv kap-Z-Øns‚ sX°v ssk_o-cnb-

bpsS `qcn`m-Khpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ImW-s∏-Sp∂

`qhn`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. Xmgv∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fm-sW-

¶nepw Ch ka-X-e-ß-f-√. ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fpw ]oT-

`q-an-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-

i-ß-fpsS ]Sn-™m-dv ÿnXn sNøp∂ bqdm¬

ae-\n -c -Iƒ bqtdm -∏n¬ \n∂v Gjysb

th¿Xncn-°p∂p.

A‰vekns‚ klm-b-tØmsS bqdm¬

ae-\n-c-I-fpsS ÿm\w Is≠-Øp-I.

a[y ]¿∆X tiWn-Iƒ

(The central mountain chains)

hS-°≥ Xmgv\ne ]tZ-i-߃°v sX°mbn

ÿnXn sNøp∂ `qhn`mKamWnXv. GjybpsS

GXm≠v a[y-`m-KØv ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]mao¿

]¿∆-Xs°´n¬ \n∂mWv Gjy-bnse CX-c-

]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v ]¿∆X-\nc-Iƒ hn\y-kn-°-

s∏-Sp -∂-Xv . ]mao¿ sI´v "temI-Øns‚

ta¬°qc' F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.

NnXw˛3.2

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

41

3]mao¿ ]¿∆-X-s°-´n¬ \n∂v ]Sn-™m-dv `mK-

tØ-°p≈ c≠v ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fmWv lnµp-°p-

jpw kpsse-am-\pw. ]mao¿ ]¿∆-X-s°-´n¬

\n∂v \mep ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ Ing-t°m´v \o≠p

InS-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn-te-‰hpw ][m-\-s∏- Xv lnam-

e-b ]¿∆-X-\n -c -I-fmWv. lnam-e-b-Øn\v

hS-°mbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-IfmWv

Iq≥eq¨, AƒXn≥ F∂nh. lnam-e-b-Øns‚

Ingt° A‰-Øp-\n∂pw BZyw sX°v ]Sn-™m-

tdm´pw ]ns∂ sXt°m´pw \o≠pt]mIp∂ Hcp

henb ]¿∆-X-\n -c -bm-Wv Ac-°≥tbma.

temIsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb Fh-dÃv

Dƒs∏sS [mcmfw sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ ChnsSbp≠v.

a[y-]¿∆-X-ti-Wn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂

][m\ sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS

Dbcw, Ah ÿnXn sNøp∂ cmPy-

߃ F∂nh A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-

tØmsS Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏SpØpI.

sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT- q-an-Iƒ

(Old Plateaus of the South)

Atd-_y, sU°m≥, C≥tUm-ssN\ F∂o

aq∂p ][m\ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ Cu q]-IrXn hn`m-

K -Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -∂p. Cu ]tZ -i -߃

kmam\yw ]g-°ap≈-hbpw ISp-∏-ta-dnbXp-amb

ine-I-fm¬ cq]w sIm≠-h-bpam-Wv. Npcp°w

Nne \Zn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw an°-hmdpw hc≠

]tZi-amb Cu `qhn-`mKw sN¶-S-en -\pw

ssSKokv \Zo-X-S-Øn\panS-bv°mbn ]Sn™m-

dp-\n∂pw Ing-t°m v Ncn™v ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS

sX°≥ ]mNo\ ]oT-`qan ]tZ-

isØ acp -`q -an -Iƒ, cmPy -߃

F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.

henb \Zo-X-S-߃

(The Great River Valleys)

^e-]p-jvSn-bp≈ F°-e-Sn™ Xmgvv\ne ]tZ-

i-ß-fm-Wn-h. ssSKo-kv-˛-bq-^-´okv \Zo-X-S-

߃, kn‘p-\-Zo-XSw, KwKm-˛-_-“-]pXm \Zo-

X-S-߃, ta\mw-X-Sw, sFcm-hXn XSw, sa°mMv

XSw, bmMvko-X-Sw, slmbmMvtlmXSw F∂o

F´p \Zo-X-S--߃ tN¿∂ `qhn-`m-K-am-Wn-Xv.

hfsc ^e-`q -bn -jvS -amb Cu ]tZiw

temIsØ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ Xnßn-

]m¿°p∂ taJ-e-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS

Gjym h≥I-c-bnse ][m\ \Zn-Iƒ,

Ah IS∂p-t]m-Ip∂ cmPy-߃

F∂nh Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Zzo]-k-aq-l-߃ (The Island Groups)

h≥I-c-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]¿∆-X-

\n -c -I-fpsS XpS¿®-bmbn kap - Z -ß-fn¬

ImWp∂ ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ mK-ß-fmWv

`qcn-`mKw Zzo]p-Ifpw. Nne Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fn¬

[mcmfw A·n-]¿∆-X-߃ ImWs∏-Sp-∂p.

P∏m≥, ^nen -ss∏≥kv, C≥tUm-t\jy,

Iqssd¬ Zzo]p-Iƒ, t^m¿tamk XpS-ßn-b-h-

bmWv ][m\ Zzo] kaq-l-߃.

Imem-h-ÿ-mta-J-e-Ifpw

ss\k¿§nI kky-Pmeßfpw

Gjy-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂

][m\ LS-I-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

$ `qJ-fi-Øns‚ ÿm\w

$ hnkvXrXn

$ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ Dbcw

$ kap-Z-km-ao]yw

$ ]¿∆-X-ßfpsS ÿm\w

$ a¨kqWns‚ KXn

Gjy-bpsS Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ,

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Ah A\p-`-h-s∏-

Sp∂ ]tZ-i-߃, kky-Pm-e-߃

F∂nh \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬

\n∂v a\- n-em-°p-a-t√m.

Gjy: hn`-h-ßfpw P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-Whpw

h\-hn-`-h-߃

Gjy h≥I-c-bnse qa-[y-tcJm ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

hen -∏ -ta -dn -bXpw Dbcw IqSn -b -Xp -amb

hr£-߃ CS-Xq¿∂p hf-cp-∂p. e`n-°p∂ ag-

bpsS G‰-°p-d-®n-en-\-\p-k-cn®v kky-Pm-e-ß-

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

42

3fnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. a¨kq-Wns‚ kzm[o\ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nXy-l-cn-X, A¿≤ \nXy-

l-cnX h\-߃ hf-cp-tºmƒ acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ I≈n-apƒs®-Sn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv hf-cp-∂-Xv. ]´nI 3.1

\nco-£n®v Gjy-bnse hnhn[ kky-Pm-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Irjn

]¿∆-X-߃, ]oT- q-an-Iƒ, acp- q-an-Iƒ, \n_nU

h\-߃ F∂n-hsbms°-bp≈ Cu `qJ-fi-

Øns‚ ]e ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Pe-Zu¿e-`yw

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Gjy-bnse `qcn-`mKw P\-

ßfpw Irjnsb Bi-bn-®mWv Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.

temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ s\√p¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-

∂Xv Gjy h≥I-c-bnse ssN\-bn-em-Wv.

tKmX-ºv, ]bdp-h¿§ßƒ, FÆ-°p-cp-°ƒ,

]cp-Øn, NWw, d∫¿, tXbn-e, Im∏n XpS-ßnb

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Im¿jnI Dev]∂-߃ Gjy-

bnse hnhn[ ]tZ -i -ß-fn -embn Irjn

sNøp∂p.

Gjy : Imem-hÿ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ss\k¿§nI kky-Pm-e-߃

taJ-e-Iƒ Imem-hÿ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ kky-Pm-e-߃

]tZ-i-߃

`qa≤ytc-Jm- $ h¿jw apgp-h≥ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne ]q¿th¥y≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ d∫¿, almKWn,

Imem-hÿ $ CSnan∂-tem-Sp-IqSnb kwhl\hrjvSn ate-jy, C≥tUm-t\jy Cu´n

a¨kq¨ $ XWpØv hc≠ ssiXy-Imew C¥y, aym≥am¿, tX°v, Nµ\w,

Imem-hÿ sX°≥ ssN\ ]n∏¬, apf$ NqSpw agbpw CS-hn´v A\p-`-h-s∏Sp∂

th\¬°mew

acp-`q- $ Ipd-™-h¿j]m-Xw, iotXm-jvW-߃ at[yjy, Atd-_y, ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ,

Im-em-hÿ Gdn-bp≈ hc-≠-Im-em-hÿ C¥y-bnse Xm¿a-cp-`qan I≈n-apƒ

s®-Sn-Iƒ

anX-io-tXm $ anX-amb ag, Db¿∂ NqSv, XWp∏v at[y-jy≥ acp-`q-an, HmIv, I¿∏qcw

jvW]p¬ F∂nh A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p Ch-bpsS hS-°v, hS°v]tZ-i-߃ ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJe

anX-ioX $ XWp∏v IqSnbXpw h¿j-]mXw Gjy-bpsS hS°v ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ

Imem-hÿ Ipd™Xpamb ssiXy-Imew

Xpµ-am-XrI $ XWp∏v IqSn-bpw, h¿jw apgp-h≥ Gjy-bpsS G‰hpw ]mb¬

bnep≈ a™v aqSnb ]tZiw hS°v `mK-w h¿§-߃Imem-hÿ

saUn-‰- $ anX-amb XWp-∏v, kmam\yw ag-tbmSp Ck-tb¬, Xp¿°n, ap¥n-cn, Hen-hv,td\nb≥ IqSnb ssiXy-Imew tPm¿±m≥, kndnb, Hmd-©v XpS-ßnb

Imem-hÿ $ NqSp-Iq-Snb hc≠ th\¬°mew ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy ]g-h¿§ßƒ

[mXp-hn-`-h-߃

[mcmfw [mXp-°-fpsS IehdbmWv Gjy.

C°m-c-W-Øm¬ J\\w Gjy-bn¬ Hcp

sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. temIØv J\\w

sNøp∂ A`-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 90% Gjy-

bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa tamW-ssk-‰v,

shfp-Øobw (Sn≥), SMvè, Ccp-º-bn-cv, amwK-

\o-kv, t_mIvssk‰v, kz¿Æw, sh≈n XpSßnb

[mXp-°fpw J\\w sNøp-∂p. I¬°-cn,

s]tSm-fnbw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \nt£-]-ßfpw

Gjy-bn¬ h≥tXmXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.

]´n-I˛3.1

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

43

3P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-cWw

G‰hpw henb qJ-fi-amb Gjy Xs∂-bmWv

P\-kw-Jy G‰hpw IqSnb h≥Icbpw. temI

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS GI-tZiw 60%hpw hkn-°p-

∂Xv Gjy-bn-em-Wv. P\-kwJym hnX-c-W-

Ønepw Ht´sd sshhn-[y-ßfp≈ h≥I-c-

bmWnXv . KwKm -\ -Zo -X -Sw, bmMvko -˛ -kn -

°nbmMvXSw, C≥tUm-t\-jy-bnse Pmhm-Zzo-

]v, knwK-∏q¿, P∏m≥ XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-߃

P\-km-µX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. Xp¿°n-bpsS

Xoc-]-tZ-i-߃, sX°p--In-g-°-t\jy, Nne

Atd-_y≥ cmPy-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ P\-

kwJy s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ at[y-

jy-bnse acp- q-an-Iƒ, sX°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-t\-jy,

hS-°≥ djy XpS-ßn-bh P\-hmkw Xosc-°pd-

hmb ]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv.

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS Hcp qJfiw

sshhn-[yam¿∂ `qan-imkvX khn-ti-j-X-I-

fm¬ it≤-b-amb Hcp `qJ-fi-amWv Gjy.

Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠ØpI.

$ temIsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSpapSn

$ temI-Ønse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb

]tZ-i-Øp≈ XSmIw

$ kap-Z-\n-c∏nt\-°mƒ Xmgv∂ ]tZiw

$ temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂

]tZiw

IqSp-X¬ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn

"Gjy sshhn -[y -ß-fpsS Hcp

`qJfiw' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp

eLp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°pI.

bqtdm∏v

Ko°v IY-bnse t^mWnIvkv cmP-Ip-am-cs‚

aI-fpsS t]cmb "bqtdm]' F∂ \ma-Øn¬

\n∂mWv bqtdm∏v F∂ t]cv Cu `qJ-fi-

Øn\v e`n-®-Xv. Fs¥m-s°-bmhpw Cu hnti-

j-W-Øn\p ]n∂nep≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ?

$ henbtXmXnep≈ hmWnPyw

$ Db¿∂ P\kmµX

$ DjvWacp`qanIfpsS A`mhw

$

ÿm\w

]q¿Æambpw DØcm¿≤tKmfØn¬ ÿnXn-

sN-øp∂ Hcp h≥IcbmWv bqtdm∏v .

A£mwiw hS°v 034 51′ ˛Dw 081 47 ′ tcJmwiw024 33′ ]Sn™mdpw 069 03′ Ing°pambn´mWv Cu

`qJfiØns‚ ÿm\w.

`q]-S-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ ÿm\-

\n¿Æbw \SØn A£mwi˛tcJmw-

i-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

aq∂p hißfpw kapZØm¬ Np‰s∏´

\nebnemWv bqtdm∏v. h≥IcbpsS BsI

`qhnkvXrXn 10498000 N.In.ao . BWv.

bqtdm∏ns\bpw Gjysbbpw Iq´nt®¿Øv

s]mXpsh "bptdjy' F∂ t]cn¬

Adnbs∏Smdp≠v

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ tNmZy-

߃°v A‰vekns‚ klmb

tØmsS DØcw Is≠ØpI:

$ bqtdm∏ns‚ Ing°p`mKØmbn ÿnXn

sNøp∂ ]¿∆X\nctbXmWv?

$ bqtdm∏ns‚ ]Sn™mdp`mKØmbn ÿnXn-

sNøp∂ kapZw GXv?

$ kvIm≥Unt\hnb≥ cmPy߃ F∂dnb-

s∏Sp∂ A©v cmPy߃ GsXms°-bmWv?

`q]IrXn

[mcmfw ]¿∆Xßfpw hnimeamb ka

Xeßfpap≈ Hcp `qJfiamWv bqtdm∏v.

bqtdm∏ns‚ ]IpXnbn¬ IqSpX¬ `mKhpw

kapZ\nc∏n¬ \n∂v icmicn 200 ao‰¿

DbcØnemWv ÿnXn sNøp∂Xv.

bqtdm∏ns\ Xmsg∏dbp∂ ]IrXn

hn`mKßfmbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

44

3

NnXw 3.3: bqtdm-∏v-˛-`q-]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

$ hS°v ]Sn™md≥ ]¿∆XtaJe

(North Western mountain region)

$ DØc bqtdm-∏y≥ ka-X-e-߃

(The North European Plains)

$ a[y- D∂X XS-߃

(The Central Uplands)

$ B¬ss∏≥ knÃw

(The Alphine System)

hS°v ]Sn™md≥ ]¿∆XtaJe

^n≥em‚ v apX¬ kzoU≥, t\m¿sh, _n´Wpw

sF¿em‚pw tN¿∂ _n´ojv sF¬kv (BritishIsles), sFkvem‚ v hsc Dƒs∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-bm-

Wn-Xv. Ime-ß-fm-bp≈ A]-£b ]In-b-I-fp-

sSbpw A]-c-Z\ ]In-b-bp-sSbpw e-am-bmWv

Cu ]tZ-i-Øns‚ `q]-IrXn C∂p ImWp∂

Xc-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≈-Xv. bqtdm∏nse

G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ ]¿∆X߃ Cu taJ-

e-bnemWv. [mXp-°-fm¬ kºp-jvS-amb hS°v

]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆X-ta-J-e-bn¬ s]tSm-fnbw,

I¬°cn \nt£-]-ßfpw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn¬

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

DØc bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-߃

bqtdm-∏ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw `mKw Dƒs∏-Sp∂

Hcp hnime ka-X-e-am-Wn-Xv. ]Sn -™mdv

A‰vem‚nIv Xocw apX¬ Ing°v bpdm¬ ]¿∆-

X-߃ hsc hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. \Zn-Iƒ

hln®p- sIm≠phcp∂ Ah-km-Z-ß-fm¬

\n¿Ωn-X-amWv Cu ka-X-e-ta-J-e. tlmf-≠v,

s_¬Pn-bw, sU∑m¿°v, ]Sn-™m-d≥ ^m≥kv,

hS-°≥ P¿Ω-\n, t]mf≠v XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv

hS-°≥ bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂

][m\ cmPy-߃.

Cu taJebneqsS HgpIp∂ ][m\

\ZnIƒ A‰vekns‚ klmbtØmsS

Is≠ØpI.

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

45

3a[y- D∂X XS-߃

DØc bqtdm-]y≥ ka-X-e-߃°pw B¬]vkv

]¿∆X-\n-c-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn-embn ]¿∆-X-߃,

Ip∂p-Iƒ, ka-X-e-߃ F∂nh Dƒs∏´ Hcp

`q]-IrXn hn`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. Cu ]tZ-iØv ImW-

s∏-Sp∂ ]¿∆-X-߃ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v

icm-icn 1600 ao‰¿ hsc Db-c-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.

$ h≥Ic

(The Continental Type)

$ saUn‰td\nb≥

(Mediterranean Type)

$ ssSK

(Taiga Type)

$ Xpµ

(Tundra Type)

]Sn™md≥ bqtdm]y≥

Imem-hÿ

bqtdm∏ns‚ ]Sn™md≥ Xoc]tZi

ßfnse ImemhÿbmWnXv. sF¿e‚ v,

_n´≥, sU≥-am¿°v, s\X¿em‚ v, s_¬Pnbw,

hSt° kvs]bn≥ XpSßnb cmPyßfmWv Cu

taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv.

Cu taJ-e-bnse Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬

kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂ LS-I-ß-

fmWv kap-Z-Pe ]hm-l-ßfpw

BtKm-f-hm-X--ß-fpw. Ch-tb-sX-√m-

sa∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-

°pI.

h≥Ic Imem-hÿ

a[yIng°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂

ImemhÿbmWnXv. IS¬ XocØp \n∂v

AIse ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]tZißfmb-Xn-

\m¬ ChnsS ssiXy-Øn\v XohX IqSp-X-

emWv. th\¬°meØv Ipd™tXmXn¬ ag

e`n°p∂p.

saUn‰td\nb≥ Imem-hÿ

sX°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en\p

Np‰pambn A\p -`hs∏Sp∂ Imemhÿ

bmWnXv. t]m¿®pK¬, kvs]bn≥, sX°≥

^m≥kv, C‰en, Kokv XpSßnbhbmWv

saUn‰td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂

cmPy߃. anXamb Imemhÿ BbXn\m¬

]gh¿§ßfpsS hf¿®bv°v CXv hfsc

A\ptbmPyamWv. Henhv, Hmd©v, \mcß

XpSßnbh Cu ]tZiØv [mcmfambn

hfcp∂p.

bpdm¬ ]¿∆X-\n-c-Iƒ, P¿Ω-\n-bnse ªm°v

t^mdÃv F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv a[y-`m-

KsØ Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-߃.

B¬ss∏≥ knÃw

]Sn-™mdv A‰vem‚nIv kapZw apX¬ Ing°v

Imkv]n-b≥ kapZw hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂

]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `qhn-`m-K-amWv

B¬ss∏≥ knÃw. kam-¥-c-amb aS°p

]¿∆X- \n-c-Iƒ Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-

X-bmWv.

Imemhÿ

bqtdm∏ns‚ Imemhÿsb kzm[o\n°p∂

][m\s∏´ LSI߃ Xmsg∏dbp∂hbmWv:

$ `q]IrXn

$ kapZkmao]yw

$ BtKmfhmX߃

$ kapZPe ]hml߃

bqtdm∏ns\ Xmsg∏dbp∂ A©v Imemhÿm-

hn`mKßfmbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p.

$ ]Sn™md≥ bqtdm]y≥

(West European Type)

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

46

3ssSK

hS°≥ bqtdm∏n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ssSK

A£mwiw 500 hS°v \n∂mwcw`n®v B¿´n°v

hrØw hsc hym]n®p InS°p∂p. t\m¿sh,

kzoU≥, ^n≥em‚ v XpSßnb cmPy߃ Cu

taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂hbmWv. ss]≥, ^n¿

XpSßnb hr£ßƒ hf-cp∂ Cu taJesb

XSn Bhiy߃°mbn bqtdm∏v hym]-I-ambn

D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Xpµ

bqtdm∏ns‚ G‰hpw hS°p `mKØmbn ImW-

s∏-Sp∂ Imemhÿm hn`mKamWnXv. h¿jw

apgph≥ a™v aqSs∏´ taJebmWnXv.

AXnssiXyambXn\m¬ XWp∏ns\ AXn-

Po-hn-°p∂ Nne kkyPme߃ amXamWv

Cu ImemhÿmtaJebn¬ hfcp∂Xv.

hn`h߃

Irjn

samØw `qhnkvXrXnbpsS aq∂nsemcp`mKw

amXamWv Irjn°pth≠n D]tbmKn°p-∂Xv.

bqtdm]y≥ P\XbpsS sNdnsbmcp hn`mKw

t\cn´pw A√msXbpw hnhn[ Im¿jnI

]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏´ncn°p∂hcmWv.

sshhn[yam¿∂ £yhnfIfpw ]gh¿§ßfpw

hnhn[bn\w ]pjv]ßfpw Irjn sNøp∂p.

tKmXºv, _m¿fn, Hm´vkv, Icnºv XpSßn

[mcmfw hnf-Iƒ ChnsS Irjn sNøp-∂p.

I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnhn[ mK-

ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS apJy sXmgn -ep -I -

fnsem∂mWv.

a’y-_-‘\w

a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb

`qanimkvX khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≈ h≥I-c-

bmWv bqtdm-∏v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h ][m\ khn-

ti-j-X-Ifn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv:

$ [mcmfw Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ

$ kap-Z-P-e-]-hm-l-ß-fpsS IqSn-t®-c¬

$ πh-I-ßfpsS km∂n[yw

Ch-sb√mw a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v klm-bn-

°p∂p. temIØv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ a’y-

Øns‚ Im¬`m-Khpw bqtdm∏n¬ \n∂m-Wv.

B[p-\nI b¥-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-

®mWv a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. bqtdm-∏nse

G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ a’y-_-‘\ tIµ-߃

tUmK¿_m¶v, t\m¿sh, kzoU≥, sU≥am¿°v,

^m≥kv, _n´¨, P¿Ω-\n, s\X¿em‚ v

XpSßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv.

[mXp-hn- h-߃

[mXp-°-fpsSbpw Du¿÷-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tiJ-c-ß-fp≈ Hcp `qJ-fi-

amWv bqtdm-∏v. ][m-\-s∏´ [mXp-°ƒ Ccp-º-

bn-cv, kn¶v, Idp-Øo-bw, πm‰n-\w, sNºv,

t_mIvssk‰v XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. ]mc-ºcy

Du¿÷-hn-`-h-ß-fmb I¬°-cn, s]tSm-fn-bw,

]Ir-Xn-hm-XIw F∂nh IqSmsX BWh

Du¿÷hpw Pe-ssh-ZypXnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂p≠v. ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-Ønepw

bqtdm∏v ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-Wv.

hyh-km-b-߃

[mcmfw hyh-kmbime-Iƒ D≈ h≥I-c-bmWv

bqtdm-∏v. Ccp-ºv-˛-D-cp°v hyh-km-bw, Iºnfn

hyh-km-bw, kmt¶-XnI hyh-km-b-ß-fm-b -

Hmt´msamss_¬, I∏-¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww, cmk-hy-

h-kmbime-Iƒ, t]∏¿ \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßn-

b-hbpw bqtdm-∏n¬ hym]-I-am-bp-≠v. temIØv

Xs∂ Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ A©mw-

ÿm-\ap≈ P¿Ω-\n-bnse dql¿ t_kn≥

(Ruhr Basin) Cu `qJ-fi-ØnemWv

ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.

P\-Po-hnXw

P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\-ap≈ bqtdm-∏n\v

P\-km-µ-X-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-ap-≠v. ssd≥

Xmgvhc, s\X¿em‚ v, s_¬Pn-bw, _n´≥

XpSßn -b -h -bmWv P\-km - µ -X -Iq -S nb

]tZi߃. t\m¿sh, kzoU≥ XpS-ßn-bh

P\-km-µX hf-sc -Ip-d™ cmPy-ß-fm-Wv.

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

47

3B^n°

""ss\¬ Hcp alm-Im-hy-amWv.

krjvSn-Imew sXm´ntßm´p≈ FXtbm ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-߃ \mem-bncw \mgnI-

tbmfw \ofw hcp∂ ss\¬°-c-bpsS D`b

]m¿iz-ß-fnepw Nqfn-∏nSn®p InS-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn

]pcm-X\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS AZv`p-Xm-h-in-jvS-

ß-fpw B[p-\nI ]cn-jv°m-c-Øns‚ t\ -ßfpw

]IrXn kº¬ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpw a\pjy

]b-Xv\-Øns‚ ]cn-W-X -e-ßfpw B aÆn¬

CSIe¿∂p hnekp∂p.

kqcycivan kv]¿i-taev°mØ tLmc-h-\m-¥-

c-ßfpw Np´p-s]m-≈p∂ acp-∏-c-∏p-Ifpw ]p¬Øp-

cp-Øp-Ifpw ]pXp-\-K-c-ßfpw amdn-amdn ]pW¿∂p-

sIm-≠mWv B alm-\Zn HSp-hn¬ a[y-[cWym-

gnsb icWw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb

\c-h¿§-ßsf-bpw P¥p-tem-I-sØbpw CX

hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂

as‰mcp \Zo-Xm-gvhmcw `qan-bn-en-√... ss\¬

°-c-bn¬ \n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ \c® ]p¬

ssa-Xm-\-߃°-∏pdw sNº≥ Ip∂p-Iƒ°n-S-

bnse kqcym-kvX-abw ad-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp

ImgvN-bm-Wv.''

Fkv.-sI. s]m‰-°mSns‚ ""ss\¬ Ubdn'' F∂

bmXm-hn-hcW Ipdn-∏n¬ ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS

kuµ-cysØ h¿Æn-°p∂ `mK-amWv apIfn¬

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

"CuPn-]v‰ns‚ Poh-c‡w' F∂ hnti-jn-∏n-

°p∂ temIsØ G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-

bmb ss\¬ \Zn (6738 In.ao.) Hgp-Ip∂ B^n-

°≥ qJ-fi-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-ƒ Fs¥m-

s°-bm-sW∂v t\m°mw.

hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ temI-`q-J-fi-ß-fn¬ c≠mw

ÿm\w B^n-°-bv°m-Wv. an°-hmdpw F√m

hi-ßfpw kap-Z-ß-fm-epw IS-ep-I-fmepw Np‰-

s∏´ qJ-fi-amWv B^n-°. aU-Km-kvI¿ Zzo]v

Dƒs∏sS 53˛Hmfw cmPy-߃ tN¿∂v G‰hpw

IqSp-X¬ cmPy-ßfp≈ qJ-fi-amWv B^n°.

Ign™ \q‰m -≠p -hsc B^n -°-bpsS

Dƒ]tZi-߃ ]pdwtemIØv A⁄m-Xambn-

cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu `qJ-fisØ

"Ccp≠ `qJfiw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adnb-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ÿm\w

c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f -ß-fn -ep -ambn hym]n®p

InS-°p∂ qJ-fi-am-Wv B^n°. A£mwiw

034 52′ sX°v apX¬ 037 31′ hS-°p-h-scbpw

tcJmwiw 025 11′ ]Sn -™m-dp -ap -X¬ 051 24′

Ing-°p-h-sc-bp-amWv B^n-°-bpsS ÿm\w.

`qa-≤y-tcJ Du `qJ-fisØ c≠v Xpey `mK-

ß-fmbn `mKn-°p-∂p. B^n-°-≥ `qJ-fi-

Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 30335000 N.In.ao. BWv.

temI-`q-]-S-Øn-s‚bpw A‰ve-kn-

s‚bpw klmb-tØmsS Xmsg

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v

DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.

$ B^n-°-sb bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v th¿s]-Sp-

Øp∂ IS-en-Sp°v GXmWv?

$ B^n°≥ `qJ-fi-ØneqsS IS∂p

t]mIp∂ ][m-\-s∏´ A£mwitcJ-Iƒ

GsXm-s°-b-mWv?

$ B^n-°-bpsS ]Sn-™mdv `mK-Øp≈

kapZw GXv?

$ B^n-°-bnse G‰hpw henb XSmIw

GXmWv?

$ B^n-°-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-Ømbn ImW-

s∏Sp∂ acp-`qan GXmWv?

$ B^n-°≥ qJ-fisØ Gjy≥ qJ-fi-

Øn¬ \n∂v th¿s]-Sp-Øp∂ I\m¬ GXv?

`q]-IrXn

B^n-°-bp-sS `q]-IrXn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂

]Imcw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p:

$ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ (Plateaus)

$ ]¿∆-X-߃ (Mountains)

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

48

3

NnXw 3.4˛B^n-°-˛-`q-]-IrXn

$ acp-`q-an-Iƒ (Deserts)

$ `wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ (Rift Valleys)

]oT-`q-an-Iƒ

s]mXpsh ISpw-in-e-I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb ]oT-

`q-an-I-fpw CSp-ßnb Xoc ka-X-e-ß-fpw tN¿∂-

Xm-Wv B^n°. icm-icn Dbcw kapZ-\n-c-

∏n¬ \n∂v 600 ao‰-dn\p apI-fn-em-Wv. sX°p

\n∂v hS-t°m´v t]mIp-t¥mdpw ]oT-`q-an-I-fpsS

Dbcw Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS B^n-

°-bnse ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ Is≠Øn

]´nI-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

]¿∆-X-߃

B^n -°≥ `qJ-fi-Øn¬ ]¿∆-X-ß-ƒ

Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. ]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw acp-`q-

an-I-fn-ep-ambn Nne ][m\ ]¿∆-X-߃ ImW-

s∏Sp∂p. au≠v Infna≥Pmtcm-bmWv B^n-

°-bnse G‰hpw henb sImSp-ap-Sn. Ing°≥

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

49

3A‰ve -kns‚ klm-b -tØmsS

tImwtKm-\Zn Hgp-Ip∂ cmPy-߃

Is≠-Øp-I.

Imemhÿbpw ss\k¿§nI

kky-Pm-e-ßfpw

B^n-°-bpsS hSt° A‰hpw sXt° A‰hpw

Hgn-sI-bp≈ an° -]-tZ-i-ßfnepw DjvW-

Im-em-h-ÿ-bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B^n-

°≥ h≥I-c-bn¬ DØ-cm¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬ ÿnXn

sNøp∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ ssiXy-Imew A\p-`-h-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Z£n-Wm¿[tKm-f-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ an°-h-bnepw DjvW Imem-

h-ÿ-bm-Wv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

B^n°sb Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ][m\

Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

`qa-≤y-tcJm Imem-hÿ

(Equatorial Climate)

`qa≤ytc-Jbv°v Ccp-h-i-hp-ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Imem-hÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu ]tZ-

iØv h¿jw- ap-gp-h≥ B¿Z-DjvW Imemh--

ÿ-bmWv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. alm-K-Wn, Cu´n,

F_Wn XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse

][m\-s∏´ hr£-߃.

kmh∂m Imem-hÿ

(Savanna Climate)

DjvWtaJem ]p¬taSp-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬

Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Imem-hÿmtaJ-e-bn¬

DjvW-Im-eØv B¿Z DjvW-hpw ssiXy-Im-

eØv XWpØ hc≠ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-amWv A\p-

`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]m°w IqSnb ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

B^n-°-bnse Sm≥km-\n-bm-bn-emWv CXv

ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa A‰ve-kv,

sI\n-b, dqh≥tkmcn XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv a‰v

]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ. ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS D¤-h-

ÿm\w IqSn-bmWv dqh≥tkm-cn.

acp- q-an-Iƒ

B^n-°-bpsS hS-°pw sX°pw `mKß-fn¬

BWv acp-`q-an-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. B^n-°-

bpsS aq∂n-sem-cp-`mKhpw acp-`q -an -I-fm¬

aqSs∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.

B^n-°-bnse ][m-\ -a-cp- q-an-I-fpw

Ah Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ßfpw A‰ve-

kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`wi Xmgvhc-Iƒ

B^n-°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp ][m\

`qhn-`m-K-amWv `wi-Xm-gvh-c-Iƒ. c≠v `wi-

taJe-Iƒ°nSbnep≈ Hcp `q`mKw CSn™p

Xmgv∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn cq]w-sIm-≈p∂

Xmg vhcbmWv `wi-Xmg vhc. alm - `wi

XmgvhcbmWv (Great Rift Valley) B^n-°-bnse

G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp `wi-Xmgvhc.

\Zn-Iƒ

temIsØ G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn-bmb

ss\¬ B^n-°-bnse DjvW ag-°m-Sp-I-

fn¬ \n∂mWv D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv. ss\ens\

IqSmsX B^n-°-bpsS a[y- m-KØp IqSn Hgp-

Ip∂ [mcmfw t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp≈ \Zn-bm-Wv

tImwtKm.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

50

3ASßnb Cu ]tZ-i-Ønse ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

"sh¬Uvkv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

acp- qan Imem-hÿ (Desert Climate)

e`n-°p∂ ag-sb-°mƒ _mjv]o-I-cWw IqSnb

]tZ-i-Øm-Wv Cu Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f-ß-fn-sebpw D®-a¿±-

taJe-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw

h¿jw apgp-h≥ hc≠ Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wv.

a[y-A-£mw-iob ka-io-tXmjvW

]p¬]-tZi Imem-hÿ (MidaltitudeTemperate Grassland Climate)

th\-epw ssiXy-hpw amdn-amdn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂

Cu taJ-e -bn¬ ag -bpsS Afhv

Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. sXt° B^n-°≥

]oT-`qan-bpsS sX°pIng-°p-`m-K-Ømbn A\p-

`-h-s∏Sp∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.

saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ

(Mediterranean Climate)

ssiXy-Im-eØv h¿j-]m-Xhpw th\¬°m-

eØv hcƒ®bpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Imem-

hÿ B^n-°-bpsS hS-°pw sX°p-˛-]-Sn-

™mdp-`m-K-Øp-am-bn-´mWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Henhv, aƒ_-dn, tIm¿Iv XpS-ßnb hr£-߃

ChnsS [mcm-f-ambn hf-cp-∂p.

]¿∆X Imem-hÿ

(Mountain or Highland Climate)

B^n-°≥ qJ-fi-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ mK-߃,

FtXym]y XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse ]¿∆-X-

] -tZ -i -ß-fn -emWv Cu Imem -hÿ

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ssN\ ssS∏v Imem-hÿ

(China Type Climate)

B^n-°-bpsS sX°v Ing-°≥ `mK-ß-fn-se

Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. DjvW-Imew hfsc NqSpw

BZ-X-tbm-Spw - Iq -SnbXpw ssiXy-Imew

hc≠Xpam-Wv.

hn`-h-߃

h\-߃

B^n-°≥ `qJ-fi-Øns‚ \men-sem∂p-

`mKhpw CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ß-fm-Wv. [mcmfw hr£-

ßfpw hnhn-[-bn\w h\y-ar-K-ßfpw ImW-

s∏Sp∂ sImSpw h\-߃ B^n-°-bpsS

]tXy-I-X-bmWv.

Irjn

B^n-°-bpsS an° ]tZ-i-ß-fpw acp- q-an-Ifpw

CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ta-J-e-I-fp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Irjn°v

A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]tZ-i-߃ hfsc Ipd-hmWv.

F¶nepw e`y-amb ]tZ-i-߃ Irjn-°mbn

]c-am-h[n D]-tbmKn°p∂p≠v. ]g-b-Ime Irjn-

co-Xn-IfmWv IqSp-X-embpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

sXt° B^n°, CuPn-]v‰nse ss\¬\-Zo-

XSw, Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ B[p-

\nI b¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Irjn sNøp-∂p.

s\√v, tKmX-ºv, ]cp-Øn, Im∏n, tXbne

XpSßnb [mcmfw hnf-Iƒ B^n-°-bn¬

Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿ

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]g-h¿§-ß-fmb

ss]\m-∏nƒ, \mc-ß, Hmd-©v, ap¥n-cn, Henhv

XpS-ßnbh [mcmf-ambn Irjn sNøp∂p.

[mXp-°ƒ

hnhn-[-bn\w [mXp-°-fm¬ kºp-jvS-amWv

B^n-°. B^n-°-bn¬ J\\w sNøp∂

[mXp -°-fn¬ sNºv, kz¿Æw, πm‰n -\w,

Ccp-ºbncv, Idp-Øo-bw, amwK-\okv F∂n-h-

bmWv ][m-\-s∏´h. temIØv samØw Dev]m-

Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ bptd-\n-bw, sNºv F∂nh-bpsS

GI-tZiw 25 iX-am-\-tØmfw B^n-°-bnse

kmw_n-b, knw_m_vsh, ssk¿ XpS-ßnb

cmPy-ßfn¬ \n∂m-Wv e`n-°p-∂Xv. temIØv

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hPw J\\w sNøp∂

`qJfiw B^n-°-bm-Wv. B^n-°-bnse

Inº¿en ]tZ-i-amWv hPJ\\-Øn¬ H∂mw

ÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂Xv.

P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-cWw

temI-Øns‚ samØw qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS A©n-

sem-cp-`mKw B^n-°-bn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-sX-

¶nepw P\-kwJy Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. temI-

P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ønsemcp-`mKw P\-߃

Pohn-°p-∂-Xv B^n-°-bn-em-Wv. B^n-°-bpsS

an° `mK-ßfpw acp-`q-an-Itfm CS-Xq¿∂ ImSp-

Itfm Bb-Xn -\m¬ ChnsS P\-kwJy

IpdhmWv. Xoc-]-tZ-i-߃, \Zo-X-S-߃,

J\\ ]tZ-i-߃, Ingt° B^n-°-bpsS

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

51

3Db¿∂ `mK-߃ XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ßfnemWv

P\-kwJy IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

A‚m¿´n°

ÿnc-amb P\-hmkw C√mØ GI `qJ-fi-

amWv shfpØ `qJ-fi-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp∂ A‚m¿´n-°. hep-∏-Øn¬ A©mw

ÿm-\-ap≈ A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw

GI-tZiw 14000000 N.In.ao. BWv. ÿnc-ambn

P\-hmkw C√mØ Cu h≥I-c-bnse G‰hpw

Db¿∂ sImSp-apSn hn≥k¨ am n^v BWv.

`uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS Gdnb `mK-hpw kap-Z-\n-c-

∏n¬ \n∂pw icm-icn 2100˛2400 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-

emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. A‚m¿´n-°sb

]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n-°, ]›na A‚m¿´n° F∂n-

ßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-bn¬

]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n° Hcp lnamhrX ]oT-`qan-

]tZi-amWv. F∂m¬ Xmc-X-tay\ hep∏w

Ipd™ a™p-aq-Snb ]›na A‚m¿´n°

At\I-iXw Zzo]p-I-fmbn hn≠p-Io-dnb \nebn-

emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]›na˛]q¿∆ A‚m¿´n-

°≥ ]tZ-i-߃ GI-tZiw 2000 ao‰¿

L\Øn¬ lna-]m-fn-I-fm¬ aqS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

lnamhr -X -sa -¶nepw A‚m¿´n -°-bnse

kvtImjymZzo]kaq -l-Øn¬ kPoh

A·n-]¿∆-X-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Imem-hÿ

hfsc khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≈ Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv

A‚m¿´n-°-bv°p-≈-Xv. AXnioXlna-]m-X-ß-

fmb ªnÃm¿Upw a™p-Iq-\-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂v

ASp-°-s∏´ \ne-bn-ep≈ shfpØ acp- q-an-Ifpw

(white desert) FSpØp ]d-tb-≠ ]tXy-I-X-I-

fm-Wv. ssiXy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS

Xm]-\ne 850 hscbmIm-dp-≠v. CXv temIsØ

G‰hpw XWp-∏p≈ `qJfiw F∂ ]Zhn

A‚m¿´n-°bv°v t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp. djy≥ \nco-

£W \ne-bamb thmtÃm-°n¬ 1983 Pqsse

21˛\v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ˛89.20c BWv `qap-JØv

\n¿Æ-bn -°-s∏-´n -´p≈ G‰hpw XmW

Dujvamhmbn C∂pw XpS-cp-∂Xv. hnhn[ cmPy-

ß-fp-tS-Xmbn ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ \nco-£W

\ne-b-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv F√m EXp-°-fnepw

XpS¿®-bmbn Xm]-\ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Zo¿L-Imew \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]Iepw cmXn-

bp-amWv A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ A\p- -h-s∏Smdp-≈Xv.

A‚m¿´n-I-bpsS icm-icn Xm]-\ne ˛490cBWv.

$ A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ]I-ens‚ ssZ¿Lyw

IqSpX¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ime-L´w Ft∏m-

gm-Wv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ cmXn-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-

s∏-Sp∂ Ime-L´w Ft∏m-gm-Wv? F¥p-

sIm≠v?

Poh-Pm-e-߃

AXn-ssi-XysØ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

GXm\pw C\w kky-߃ amX-amWv A‚m¿´n-

°-bn-ep-≈-Xv. \o≠-cm-Xn-Ifpw Zo¿Lhpw

ITn-\-hp-amb ssiXy-Im-ehpw ]Imikwt«-

j-W-Øn\p XS w krjvSn-°p-∂p. A‚m¿´n-

°-bnse aÆv hf-°q-dp-≈-X√. F∂m¬ Xosc

Dujc-hp-a-√. ]® -\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]mb-ep-Iƒ,

B¬K-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Ccp-∂q-dn-e-[nIw h¿§-Øn¬s∏´

]mb-ep-I-fpw Fgp--∂q-dne-[nIw h¿§-Øn¬s∏´

B¬K-Ifpw Is≠-Øn-bn -´p -≠v. sshhn -

[yam¿∂ kap-Z-Po-hn-Ifpw A]q¿∆-bn\w ]£n-

Ifpw A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A‚m¿´n-

°-bnepw ]cn-k-c Zzo]p-I-fnepw kar-≤-am-bp≈

]£n-bn-\-߃ s]≥Kzn≥, s]sS¬, kvIyqh

F∂nh-bm-Wv. ]£n-h¿§ßfpsS ][m\

Blmcw kap-Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv. kap-Z-Po-hn-I-fpsS

]mY-an-I-mlm-c-amb kky-]vf-h-I-ß-fpsS kar-

≤-amb Ieh-d-bm-Wv A‚m¿´n° kap-Zw.

C°m-c -W-Øm¬ Xnanw -Ke߃, ko¬,

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

52

3a’y-߃, IS¬∏-d-h-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse an°-

bn-\-ßfpw Cu kap-Z-Øn-ep-≠v. hnhn-[-bn-\-

Øn¬s∏´ [mcmfw XnanwK-e-߃ A‚m¿´n-

°-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hn`-h-߃

A‚m¿´n-°-bn-te°v a\pjyi≤-tI-µo-I-cn-

°phm≥ Imc-Ww Ahn-sS-bp≈ kº-∂-amb

kap-Z-hn- -h-ß-fm-Wv. XpI¬ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

ko¬ F∂ kap-Z-Po-hn-sbbpw FÆ-bv°p-

th≠n Xnanw-K-e-ßsfbpw th´bmSnbncp-∂p.

F∂m¬ kao-]-Im-e-Øv BkvtX-en-bbv°p

sX°p≈ apgp-h≥ IS-ep-I-fnepw Xnanw-Ke th´

\ntcm-[n-®p. Ign™ ap∏-Xn-tesd ZiIßfmbn

A‚m¿´n-°bv°p Np‰pap≈ IS-ep-I-fn¬ a’y-

_-‘\w ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n®phcp-∂p. kap-Z-

hn-`-h-߃°p ]pdta [mXp-°-fpsS tiJ-chpw

A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Ccp-º-bncv,

tIman-bw, sNºv, kz¿Æw, \n°¬ XpS-ßn-b-

hbpw I¬°-cn -bpsS \nt£-]hpw

ImW-s∏Sp∂p.

a\p-jy-Po-hnXw

A‚m¿´n°-bn¬ a‰p h≥I-c-bn-te-Xp-t]mse

ÿnc-ambn a\p-jy-hmkw C√. Kth-j-Wm-h-

iy-߃°mbn hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS ÿncw

tIµ-߃ A‚m¿´n-°-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≠v.

1950 apX¬ th\¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-

k©mcn-Ifpw ]tXyI cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvX

I∏-ep-I-fn¬ A‚m¿´n° kµ¿in-°p-∂p. kml-

kn-I-cmb ssham-\n-Icpw Chn-sS-sb-Øm-dp-≠v.

Xpd-ap -J-ß-fp -sSbpw ]m¿∏n-S -ß-fp -sSbpw

A`mhw hnt\m-Z -k-©mc hnI-k-\-Øn¬

hneßpXSn-bm-Ip-∂p.

C¥y-bpsS ]cy-th-j-W-߃

1979 apX-emWv C¥y A‚m¿´n° ]cy-th-j-W-

Øns‚ `mKamIp-∂-Xv. Kth-jW ]T-\-

߃°mbn Z£n-W-Kw-tKm-Xn, ssaXn F∂o

c≠v Kth-jW tIµ-߃ C¥y A‚m¿´n-°-

bn¬ ÿm]n®p Ign-™p. Kth-j-I-cpsS Bib-

hn -\n -ab kuI-cym¿∞w 1988˛¬ C¥ym-

Kh¨sa‚ v C¥ybv°p ]pd-Øp≈ BZysØ

X]m-em -^okv A‚m¿´n -°-bn¬ Xpd∂p

]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. tKmh t]mì Unhn-

j-s‚ Iogn-em-Wn-Xv. A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS `qan-

imkvXw, Poh-im-kvXw, Imem-h-ÿm-imkvXw

XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n taJ-e-Isf tIµo-I-cn®v

Kth-jW ]h¿Ø-\-߃ C¥y-bpsS Kth-

jW tIµ-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂p.

h≥

I-c-I

ƒ

53

3 XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃

1. Gjy, bqtdm∏v, B^n-°, A‚m¿´n° F∂o h≥I-c-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp

]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØmhp-∂h:

$ h≥I-c-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-߃ $ Ah-bpsS Xe-ÿm\w

$ \mWbw $ `mj

$ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ $ hyh-kmbw

$ [mXp-hn-`-h-߃ $ hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw

2. "sshhn-[y-am¿∂ `qJfiw' F∂ io¿jIw Gjy≥ `qJ-fi-Øn\v FX-tØmfw

A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

3. bqtdm-∏ns‚ imkvX-km-t¶-XnI hymh-km-bnI hf¿®-bn¬ `q]-Ir-Xn-bpsS

kzm[o\sØ°p-dn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

4. B^n-°≥ h≥I-c-bpsS hnI-k-\hpw Ahn-SsØ `qan-imkvX khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ ]ckv]c _‘sØ°pdn®v Hcp hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn \nß-fpsS

Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØpI.

5. "shfpØ `qJfiw' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ A‚m¿´n-°≥ `qJfiw, Ahn-SsØ

Imem-h-ÿm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, C¥y-bpsS A‚m¿´n-°≥ ]cn-th-j-W-߃ XpS-ßnb

hkvXp-X-Iƒ, _‘-s∏´ NnX-߃ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v Hcp hnh-cWw Xøm-dm°n

¢mkn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

6. B^n-°sb At]-£n®v bqtdm-∏n¬ a’y-_-‘\ km[yX hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-emWv

F¥mbncn°pw ImcWw?

7. A‚m¿´n-°-bpsS A£mw-iob ÿm\w Ahn-SsØ Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw Poh-Pm-e-

ß-fnepw F¥p kzm[o-\-amWv D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv˛hni-Z-am-°pI?