-Y

-ropun o] tuessocou ^rolnrosqe or' rurr.rl no^ leqr .pr";tär"rt""ll!,:""7 .SUol}Sonb1ue1uoceL|}^qpeprn"6ure6eu'"l"ürpPoU�

Äeq1 leqnn Ä1pexe puelsiopun noÄ erns o)eur pu' suorlrHf :"ri*ril ,:-turrs #)

'esues;e;eue6 s1r 1e6 o1 q'norql ]q6u **"r ",oukt"ri f#ä ,,i6u11urn arolog

'teq1e6o1 o6 uuol pue ]uoluoc ̂ oq ssncstq _ 'uorlcunl

Jlal,ll ssncsrp pue e6en6ue1 l0esn or{} rol seldurexo purj _

por nlc nrls u aoq "^"?:ä i? Jüi,ffi Hi,l,?lä : 'ullq esuolce;eqc ol Ä.r1 a... s! ueur e Jo puly leLlM _:seldurex3 ,,: 'e|Ä1s pue ornlcnlls sl! esÄ;eue ol poou Äer-u noÄ pue lxel e 1o 6urueeur ledeep oq] lno lurod o] e^el.l noÄ s>1se1 Ourpueuep orour ol sJoMSue ul .l

slsÄ;euy

e"'Äeqt op uoL.lM -ö"' eq soop Äqnn _

. ;-::;ä",1 öT/JJiLlff :1ii:3 ff ff : elnoqe (e6essed) Uel oL,ll s! ]er.l714 _:str.l] oltl peet Äeut edfi srql lo suollseno ;:,,,

'suollsenb xeldluoc e;ou; o] ocuenpe noÄ o;oloq +xol e ro srrelep eql pue ourueou ilero^o eul poolsJepun oAeL{ noÄ reqleqnn ^Aoqs ol Jopro ur suorlsenb uorsueqeroruoc ,"^arn ol o^ELl uouo no i,:

uolleluogo _ uotsueqe;duo3

sotltAtlce6ur1um-atdpue burpeeg

slselslsÄ;eue 1xe1

suollsenbuo!suoqaJdurog

-oduro-c otft lB ou*ure suorlsenb (q pue suorlsenb ,",-räilä1l"t3"S"rJtä1ffiiä#,81; 'sdno;6 o^^l olut popl^lp Qg uec übi nerel;-uor.,o Ä.rere1r; e 6urano;1or srspl or.ll .surexe ul ro oruoq lB ]xol e uo oul4tonn 1o Äem 1ähsn oql s! suollsonb lualuoc oup'Jnn.rv ',,

ffieiffi&$#;;;;d----q'

ffi$Kffi& &Kßffi#ffi$$ffiffi ffiffiffireffiffi#M ffi& ffiffim

Confonl quoslions %ff$' underline or mark those parts of the text that contain the informationyou need for your answers. use a different "olow for each question.ii$ Make notes and put them in a proper order. Use a grid if you want to.(4 p.+2)

writingWrite a draft for each question afong your notes.Answer each question fully, but do not repeat yourself.Use your own words and do not copy the original.ff you decide to quote from the text put the words or sentence(s) in in_verted commas and give the reference for the quote: page and rine/s.(* How to quote, pp. +l-qg)

iN

r:.J

i:]

i\i'i

writing+ check your answers for ranguage mistakes and correct them.ür ff necessary write a fair copy, especiaily for exam papers or papers youhave to hand in. The examiä'ei must b-e abre to reao your text withoutdifficulty.

ftt.arnpreAnswer the foilowing questions related to the short short story ,The ship,applying the foregoing'writing technique-

'- -

1. What are the poy.', experiences during the boat trip?(Comprehension/orientation) ...-' -"- ü

ffhis task asks you to describe what the boy sees and what his emo-tions are or may be tike during thä ü;;i;rip.i

2. How does the author manage to connect the boy,s different impres_sions? (Analysis)

ffhis task asks you to describe what stylistic means the author usesto make his story a unit, i.e. you need io work out the effect of thelanguage.)

|oseph Bruchac -4F The shipI was a small boy. we were on board a steamship on a resort lake. As wewent by the shore the_captain would urr.rorrr,." to the passengers detalsabout the cottages on the banks."This is the eiate,- ,q.ru*kud the _loudspeakel,

,,of the owner of the'fitff.::"in Motor Lodge." A h;sAv ;iffi;ed mansio,., *itn grearFrom the docks and the steps of boathouses peopre waved as we passed."This is the summer home är tn" p."r;;;;;iää oruur.,y savings Bank.,,I lifted my small arm and *ur"ä back.

Writing the draft

Text check

ra^o pauEal ̂aqJ'uarpln{r pue srarltoru Jo IInJ se^ leoq aql 'Hffip,i.s$I'p1es aqs ,,1noÄ punoregf$.ffii r,

'pueq rarl Jo a^e.&\ Ä-ream. e qlIMsprom dru paldnrralur raq+our AW ,; " ar{s },ueJ dqm 'rar{ ol a^em I lng,,

,,'no^ aas +,uplp aqs-,,'aneru +,uplp IJIS alttl-L,'JarDour du 1e dr r r l

>ID€q a^e/vl +,uplp ar{s lnq "' pa^eM I 'rar{}eJ raq aq }snru ^ au>I I ruor{1v\

ueur e dq uarrrrp e uar{I .Ja}e,vr

aql u1 pue sleoq ur's1eog uo pue saqreaq uo aldoad ar{} te Surnem }da{ Ier' 'Jar{loru dru sean ar{s paJqou I uarlJ 'pulm ,,{q auolspues

a>lII uql urom ag o+ pauraas aJeJ raq pue Suruunll sem rreq s,ueurom aqlparrlou I

'öuDlool alqeuoJuroDun pue alep Jo lno sexr äun{}olJ s/ueuroMaql palqou I

'tuq pulqaq pIIrIr pue ueruom ar{} o1 lr1qs arqryrrozrn e 8ur-r€a^a ueru e pres ,,'oLlläl-foEör-öö-d ar{} araqm IIa} l,uop daql arqou no^,,

or ,;.. lo äüOq räüüns aql sI slr{L,

" '>Ireq p"^n^ j-= *rnl]=-s ^ur paul I

.'{ueg söul^es ^ueqlv ar{} Jo }uaprsard aq} Jo auror{ raLuurns aql q sIqJ,,'passed a/v\ se pa^em aldoad sasnor{leoq;o sdals ar{} pue s)rop ar{} worC

's"re1yds lear8 r{lla,r uorsueur pamopura,r dle8nq v ,,'agpoT rolo141 urnbuo8lv

aq+ Jo rauMo aql Jo,, ta>leadspnol aql pa>lzwenbs ,,'ä1e1sa aql SI sIr{J,,'s>Iueq ar{+ uo sa8ellor aqt tnoqe

srelap sra8uassed eql ol arunouue plnom urelder aq+ aror{s aq} dq +ua/v\arvr sV'a)el ilosar e uo drqsrueals e preoq uo aram a7q doq üetus e sem I

drqs aq1 ,,+ r€rlrrug qdasof

u*!+nr*mffi

'auole sa^lasruaq+ JoJ selv\ aJorIS aql uroJJ a^elv\ paurnlalaql 3u11ulr{}'8ulaem se^a uraq} Jo qrea puy dgrp pu€ saDeJ ueal) 'peq pue3urq1o1c pooS'^ orros pue ssaurddeq;o saar8ap Surdren ur,raplo,ra8unod

sz'a?e drrr uarplrqr ara^a punore IIV 'salor{1rod q8norql palSuep pue slrer

ra^o paueal ^aql 'uarpln{) pue sraqtou Jo IInJ selv\ }eoq ar{I .pa)ool J 'ples ar{s ,,ino^ punore {oo-I. 'puer{ raq Jo a^e/v\ ̂reaM e q}I/VI

o. tPto^ du paldnrralur rar{}oru Aw ,;

" ar{s l,uer nu4j:}^ol^"^1:^ Ilng,,,,'r].o1. aas l,uprp aqs,,

t;a^erÄ l,uplp pr8 al11l-L, 'rar{}oru dru }e dn pa>1oo11'IJeq a^Plv\ l,uplp ar{s }nq "' pa^e/v\ I 'raql€J rarl aq }snur lv\au>I I uror{lv\

ueur e dq uarurp teoq ram.od a8nq e ur dq +uam pr8 a1p{ e uar{I 'ralem

n,nu'wpuesleoq"l"?,""'#HtJl'3ü:ä"H;""1i:Xi"Y"it'U:"ruinl o)II u1r{} uJozvr aq o+ paruaas aJeJ Jar{ pue Suruun{l sem Jrer{ s,ueurort ar{}poJrlou 1

'8uo1ool alq€+JoJruoJun pue alep Jo lno se,,r,r SurqlolD s,ueuro^/rar{l parr}ou I

'ru1r{ pugaq pllr{r pue ueruom ar{} o} urqs anlq urom e 8ur-JeaM u€ur e pres ,,'ort\laldoad rood arlt aJarIM IIa+ +,uop daql acqou no ,,

,;'. lo aruor{ reururns ar{+ q sIr{L,

6 (uorlrleder)

(usr1e1;eled)

7 uorlsenb= 6u!>lrBut

1, uorlsenb

ölxol luaroglp oonpold ol /r^oHffi%

Content quesfions

- i1fiid {Tgr.ud rhrough portvoyrlsel ",";I :,nJ:ä äy,fi??and bad. clean faces ""dätüäld

thinking thöreturned wave from the shoie was for themselves arone.Question 1: what are the boy's experiences during the boat trip?-

,tJ5,,lli'#T:"#ä:1,:ffi;ääT,he suestion has been underrined in

what the boy "i"u, what he feelet& rich people,e estaree and @ noL al l people have the eame

eLaf,us in life@ nol everybody ?aye allenLion

to him& he feele ignored

eummer homees ?ower boat (of rich people)a poorly cloLhed pur"ÄLu'

'

w qirl in a power Qoat nolreLurning hie wavina

e steamehip full of päoVle (mixeagroup)

{s waving Veople

%ffi

*lntroduction

S Main part

:.n Ordering ideas:1. Not all people have the same status in life:- rich people,s estates änd summer homes- poorly clothed parents- mixed group of people in another boat

2' He is just an individuar out of a farge number of peopre:- the sirl in a power ooai i"noiiäiirrtöi,. waving

Answer

A small boy is on board a steamship on a resort rake. when the ship goesääf,rff il * *:' 1"":l;; ;

ääir;ä" "oi;; ä";" wa ve ro th e pa ss ensersuuring the boat trip, he has two

auil experiences, first that not ail peoprehave the same statüs in life tnougn n; ;il,;;;r'u.u ,,ot reary describedby the author. The summe; rrää",r of .i"hp;;;iä."1r1g the shore (r. 4ff .)are quite a contrast-to his po..ry.19rü;;i""# fjr. rzn.l. The same is true

iää:fff ä:ä'":l'r";fJri1;ä,'l*i:5i:?iä11,,"i.,s";ä;hi,,su,,aThe second experie"tuLinul"liirution that he as an individual is just oneout of a large number of fellowä*:r-, u"ir-,,J. Ä"gi.t purring by iria pow_er boat ignores him and does not return r,iJwurri"ng. His diöappointment

:,FJ,:? l Tj",läTJ. :,.,1iäö',' " hi ;'i;ö*ä, -*,r" srääiäil yi' * u, ",,Disappointments are part of ihe process of growing up.

eConcfusion

'ourllno ue se uoql esn pue ur6leut eLll u! qdet6e.redqceo ro1 sourpBoq u^ op lnd 'lxol eql Jo elnlcnlls oLll ouil.urolop or fül-z

'Jo^ sue oL,ll olu^ pue uoLll Joplo ,seepr lcolloC ;,,6ur1ooqs eql snutu le^ st 1.rods snoues,, sÄes oLl uorl^A ueou lle^ ro soop lBLlM .L

:slsel

Uz-gz 'dd *) Surlooqs aql snu*u ru^a sr trrods snorras @ IIeMro a8roag

uim+ insffi s,+{ naorr p{.r

'aloq1v\ lredtuor e Jo uorssardul aq1 sarrrS +xa+ ar{} raq1a3011y '+Iun Jarlloue salearJ pue dFeaIJ pue dlernleu suorssardurt s,doq aql

s+JauuoJ Jor{}ne aql ('JJ6I .11,Seurr1aaJq} :,,>lool,,'.ilgl.11'Saurl xrs :,,a^erv\,, ''#rr'11 'saurrl rnoJ :,,aJr+ou,,) ure8e pue ure8e sq,Ja^ flarras'Burleädar d[

'fr 'u),,...a-r{}qsrqr,,",,,*tiäir',"1ä;ilJ,ä:ö1l"llTff"T,'jlfflä""1'J;3rusqallered apnlcur asaql 'slrun ozq dlenlre ,irun e drö1s ä1q "r1n'* ol sa)r^-ap rpqldls Iera^as sasn roqlne ar{J 'parnlrnr}s pue prt*q/qr sr }r }ng 'lqBIS

rsrrJ re aldurs reqlel aq o1-F.uaas drols 1r-oqr äql'lo ä'Bnn8.r"1"qg

{.uOlsnlCuoC

I Ued ule4+uollcnporlul

JOlvrsuv

:seloN 'Zg 'd uo lxel oql ul perypuueeq o^Etl esod.lnd stq o^otr]cB ol sosn JoLllnB oql soct^ep cr1sr1Ä1s eQf ,*+

4suOtsse;du.rrluorolJtp s,Äoq oLll lcouuoc ol eoeueur Joqlnp oqt seop /v\oH :z uollsono

(Euqrcw 4ud "l+6L.ll) ... )oo1

(buqteut ueet7,J+gl,ll) ... e^eM(Euqtvut sryq "l"]lL 'll) .'. ealoN

:uot+t+eaa>

(Duytew no11aß "JJy 'll) , , eq+ q a+jl:waueileJe)

:qocÄe? cnen|+g

ö+xol luoloJ+lp oonpold o+ /vroH

Skimming through or over a text means reading it quicklyto get a general impression of it. Scanning a text meansreading it quickly to find information about special points.

Corporal Punishment in British Schools

Although corporal punishment has been banned in stateschools for more than 10 years, it still remains legal in privateschools, although very few establishments use the cane.

Don Foster, Liberal Democrat education spokesman, hastabled an amendment to the Schools Bill which would extendthe ban to private schools The Government has promised a freevote when it is debated later this month.

Government sources said they were confident that the mea-sure would be carried although it is likely to face substantial op-position from Tory and Ulster Unionist MPs.

Mr Foster said the ban was necessary to end what he called abreach of fundamental human rights and which others havelikened to child abuse.

He added that Britain remained the only country in the Euro-pean Union that still allowed corporal punishment in any of itsschools and that it was time to bring the independent sector in-to line with state schools.

The ban is unlikely to attract much opposition from the pri-vate schools themselves. The Independent Schools Council saidit welcomed the move because it reflects current opinion andpractice in the schools.

David Woodhead, national director of the IndependentSchools Information Service, said the 1,300 schools in thecouncil accounted for 80 per cent of the children educated in theprivate sector and none used corporal punishment. All the ma-jor public schools have abandoned the use of the cane.

There are around 1,000 private schools outside the counciland some of them still use corporal punishment. Of the smallminority that have retained the right, the best known is St.James, a boys' school in Twickenham, Middlesex, where staffand pupils practise meditation.

Example

Skim through the text and say what it is about. (Solution: ltdeals with the attempts to ban caning in private schools.)

Scan the text for information about caning in private schools.(Solution:1. stil l legal but not practised everywhere2. a small minority retains the right3. attempts to ban caning in private schools)

( St<imming

{ Scanning

scannlng

g0t ws ocuoluos 'oL,!l eerl rnoÄ ourpueds 10 sÄenn ourlserelur 6urpnlcuoc -+ pue luo;olllp lo slol oJe olor.ll onoqe uA oqs sV

, 6 :i 1, "!t" o, " iij"nl? j#i?,3 J ?i:,1::1 j;'ff "#llo^ se 6urr1s pue 6uruurrnns ;6u;>1genn:re1näod

Ä11enbe oJe suotleolceJ Jooplno pue sllods.ool 'solcJlc Äpnls ol otuos pue sqnlc ol OüoBq eldoed 6unoÄ to lot y.sleoO y"rroä p-r" "*"r,,re;n6er oslp ore Äeq11ng nl qclbrr ro ,prü" ropro;ecr601 Äe1d 's>100q peoJ r"ql ä,rrö*q i"-"r,r ornsrol e ur seaprt rlorll lo leop leejo e pueds elooäo ir"1aj

6uruur6eq eql teocuoluos crdol ->

Ä;uo crdol ouo -+

'oLull ooJl Jloql pueds eldoedMoq oos o1 6urlselotutJeqleJ sl ll

ornslo-l ( txef eq1 6ul1r.r14

slledel 6uropJBC

eq1 Ourqsem0ulueple0

so!r-! !I5EF6]I:Uö€--OUOq

416urqc1ennsqnlc splec

Uocuoc 0ulÄe;deuoutc slooq Ourpeel

0ulrys6ururr.urnns

0ul1lenn

UO!l-EE-mIroop-mö

soilnllse-röoBlno

E6-.[i -lFtr

Tööpul

Ueqc 6uqeu olou

6urqleuos rreder 'sprec 'sorcJrc Äpnls 'Jec oL.rl qse^A ,oUrurtrrnns '6ur>1;enn 'pecuoc'slooq,0uluep;eO,sqn;c,silods,"ar"r,'" hI r,,lcle411

oJns!o-l

e;durex3

{lesseceu lt lxol lnoÄ lcelloc lo enoldtu; .spoplluepodur! oql l1e.pepnlcur e^eq p_ue crdol eqi-ro p"t"rt -uocuoc oneq noÄ 1r >1coqc pue ure6e l*ä1 "1oq^ ",lt p""U o 'ocuoluos Ourpnlcuol eql 1e6ro1 lou op pue ueld lnoÄ 1o soutl eq1 Ouole rye1lnoÄ elilan ,ecuelues crdol p rJl!/v\ UelS o 'Ueqc 6ur1eu gfou = lo deur pulrrJl ,outllno crdol e osn 'sqde'roered rnoÄ ueld pue r"prä 1ec16o1 tüi;;"dino,r 1n6 o

uoqsro spronnÄe1 6ursn u^op ruor+ olou pue,rffilr:?,l"ä "

( rxel eq1 Furuueld

( .req1e6otr seapr Fur11eg

( rxer eq1 6ugs!^au

( lxer eq1 6ur1r.r1y1

{ rxer eq1 Furuueld

( .leq1ebo1 seepr Fulpegop ol leq/n

' xe r e q r 0 u r u u e I d^,,e q 1e 6 01 x ijäi ä:1,ßä", äxl"rä i,#l',ö slstsuoc ssecold 6u11Jlnn eq1.llerrn se €M lpel ur lnq loorlcs ur Ä1uo lou poou noÄ ieqr rpr*s'iüeuooiü'iä; äffi;^iuollcnpord

Taking notes means writing down in short form informa-tion that you have got from written and spoken texts or au-dio-visual material (e.g. films).There are four types öf note-taking. you can note down:the topic of a/the paf_(s) (readingTistening/waictring torgist -+ skimming, p. 101), the ma'in pointslas mäny Oe_tails as possible or special aspects.

Example: A written text

As I walked into the changing rooms, taking a basket for myclothes on the way, I noticed i-un and. a uäy sriting in onä99-"r, talking. I recognised the boy - he was called-GordonHayes and I had swum against hirnbefore. He was fast - hisbest time for two lengths' backstroke was only äne secondslower than mine. He was tall with long legs Lnd strongmuscles. He had apleasant face which was topp"ä by a shock ofdark brown hair- The man, who I assumed wäs his-father, wasthe opposite. He was short and stocky witn an ut-ort squareface and.arapidly receding hairline. I siood stil, jusf out of theirline of vision.

r people in the changing room before a swimming race

(narrator) sees the man and boythey talk to each otherboy: pleasant; man: unpleasant

narrator sees man and boy when entering changing roomboth talking9oy'. name: Gordon Hayesfast swimmer, one second slower than narratortall and strong

Gordon Hayeso tall. strong. fast swimmero pleasant faceo dark brown hair

aooa

oaooao

( Writing downthe topic

{ Wrffing downthe main points

( Writing down as manydetails as possible

Writing downspecial points

107 w8

f!I

I

i

',,Ä1tnt1dec ut slpultuV,, uo uotuldostq senr6 dnot6 lst^tlcB lerutue ue ]o loquout e olctup 6urnno;;o1 or.ll ul

rnoÄ Jo socuenbesuoc aql lno

6u;prrvr Jail,,,. ,:

'lueulelels ;eteue6 e ur uorlrsod

lutod pue uorutdo tnoÄ dn uuns Ä1;eur3 i,,il

.a9 ffitdraipxffiopfie)

'r.uotl] lcolloc pue slolle e6en6uel lo] lxel lnoÄ peolloold'se;duexo pue slce] 6utcurnuoc

6ursn Äq qonoue Äpeelc uorlrsod;noÄ pesserdxe oABLI noÄ erns o)ey\'seopr

1o lueurdolonop ;ecr6o1 or.ll lo+ lxel tnoÄ )collC

'crdo1qcee lo; qdet6ercd ouo esn 'sqdetOeled ur esuodser tnoÄ esrue6tg .,,

'opeur aneq noÄ selou eq1 6ulsn ollq^ ^AotA 1o lurod lnoÄ doleneq ,,i,'ue;qord eql uo uorlrsod tnoÄ olels ,,,

'ssncstp o]lue^ noÄ crdol lo tuolqord e,ll slueseld leql uotlcnporlut uB qlt^ ur6eg ;,:,,

outptrvr aH,Hffi#

'slurod lnoÄ loqulnu pue JepJO ,l'unnop uoq] olou pue uorlsenb ur 1celqns letslenol]uoc oq] ]ctpe;]

-uoc ro urdlepun ol osn ol lue^ noÄ se;duexo pue slcel moqp lulL[ i]'uorurdo ue dolenep pue r-ue;qord eql of esuodse; rnoÄ ro} solou o)|el\ ,,:'Jo esn oleu uec noÄ seop! lo] ]xol oL,l] lcollc

'polelor-lxal st lsel tnoÄ 11 ,,,,,(eZ 'd 's1xe1 o^tleluorr;n6ry #)

'stueunOre pue uotutdo lnoÄ pod-dns o] 'clo 'se;duexe 's1ce; 'seepr leq1e6 pue crdol or.ll uo ullolsuter8 :.i

6u;1;mr eJo,f,p;gg

'uorsnlcuoc (p ''c1o 'ecuel;edxe leuos -led 'se;duexo 's1ce; Äq suotutdo Ourpoddns (c 'suorurdo 6ulnrO (q 'crdo1eq1 6urlueseld (e

:sped osotlllo slstsuoc Ä11ensn il 'clo 'u-rsrcrlr.rc 'uor1se66ns 'eepl letsronoJluoo e ol esuods

-o) e uo poseq sl uJoJ lxol sttll 'ue;qord uenr6 B olpnleno pue ees noÄ ̂ orJ suosee; enr6puP sA otn leuoslod tnoÄ ssa;dxe noÄ qcrqm ut lueu;uoc lo ed& e sr suolugdo EurnlC

,,.I5q#

| üIÄ

ffießffiWe#&dm ffiqxffid-b&ffi "(t

ö+xal +uoroJ+rp oonpo.rd o+ /!roH ffi%

Giving opinions %ffiAnimals in captivity

The concept of animal rights has come to play an important role in sever-al areas of concern over human treatment oi other änimals. These areasrange from the hunting and trapping of animals to obvious cases of mis-treatment in factory farming where animals live in relatively small areas.

s Animals in captivity have always been a controversial subjäct. Some feelthat'kidnappilg- animals is dreadful and they should be föe in their nat-ural habitat, while others believe that having animals in captivity, for ex-ample-in zoos, creates a better understandin! of animals foi the world.According to_'The Humane Society o-f !1" Uniled States' and similar organi-

ro sations for the protection of our fellow creatures, keeping animaL incaptivity is immoral. All of them agree that for example oinai"s physicallysuffer from the limited movement a--llowed in sm_all u.tifi.iul pooü. fn"y gäthrough Tn.h social deprivation when removed from their ?amilies in thewild, and suffer shorter life spans than their counterparts in the wild.

rs Their movementt ?1u lppqllingly restricted to endlös circlings in the pool.

As a matter of fact behaviouräi studies on captive whales äannot bä ap-plied to_ wild whales because captivity forces th"t" animals to behave un-naturally.Animals in circuses is a further example of mistreatment. The image that

^ Tlty-people have of the circus is of ä spectacular and wondrous worldfull of colour, music, glitteq, fun and excitäment, where artists, lion tamersand clown perform amazingacts to delight the audience. But there is an-other side to the world of thä circus: one-that you are not supposed to no-üce.

zs Most PeoPJe- who go to see a -circus ryith_ performing animals are totallyunaware of the cruelty and suffering that lies behina t"nis illusion of harm-less fun.When animals first arrive at the circus they must suffer abuse and humi-liation. First they must be tamed and then trained and taught tricks. This

so is done with a combination of rewards and punishmentsänd without adoubt

Ta^I of the methods used to train thä animals are terribly cruel,stressful and unnatural.Some examples of the sorts of degradilg and humiliating animal acts per-formed to an audience include böars thät are made to ice"skate, tigers that

35 are made to ride on the backs of rhinos or balance in a begging poJition onlarge glittering balls, and elephants that are made to staää o"r, th"i. heador front legs."What has the elepharrt done, what crime has the elephant committed thatit should be kept in chains?" Dr Paul Flarris, u ."novi.rred elephant expert,

+o asked.Fortunately, there is a growing awareness and many people feel ashamedby the spectacle of once-proud animals being degraäeä und hnrr,iliated forour entertainment. Animals in this country desörve better protection andwe want to see legislation that would ban circuses with pärforming ani-

45 mals.

<. Headlinepresents topicr- Introduction:animal r ights,mistreatment

* Main part:,s* captivity a con-troversial subject,ru keeping animalsimmoral, harmful,unnatural+p 1"t example:whalesr* supportingdetails

'* 2nd example:circuses

,s* two sides ofanimal perfor-mances

m animals sufferabuse andhumiliation'r+, supportingdetails

<. Conclusion:growing aware-ness, people feelashamed,appealto public andpolit icians