Duka Notes

8/21/2019 Duka Notes

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Public International Law

2008 LEI Notes in

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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 20082

“Nam omnia praeclara tam difficilia quam rara sunt”For all that is excellent and eminent is as difficult as it is rare

-Spinoza on Ethics


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INTRODUCTION

DefinitionPublic v Private International LawBasis of Public International Law

1. Naturalist2. Positivists

3. ccletics!hree "rand Divisions#elations between International and $unici%alLaw

1. From the view%oint of doctrinea. Dualistb. $onists

2. From the view of %racticea. Doctrine of !ransformationb. Doctrine of Incor%oration

&'('&DEFINITION OF Public International La It is the bod) of rules and %rinci%les that are

reco*ni+ed as le*all) bindin* and which *overnthe relations of states and other entities investedwith international le*al %ersonalit). Formerl),nown as -la o! nations coined b) /erem)Bentham in 10.

Public International La Distin"uis#e$ Fro%Pri&ate International La'Con!lict o! LasIt is that %art of the law of each tate whichdetermines whether4 in dealin* with a factualsituation4 an event or transaction between %rivateindividuals or entities involvin* a forei*n element4the law of some other tate will be reco*ni+ed.

Public Pri&ate

1.Natur e

Public isinternational innature. Itis a law ofasoverei*nover thosesub5ectedto hisswa)67%enheim 8Lauter%ac

ht4 3.9

:s a rule4Private isnational ormunici%al incharacter.xce%t whenembodied ina treat) orconvention4becomesinternationalin character.It is a law4not above4

but between4soverei*nstates and is4therefore4 awea,er law.67%enheim 8Lauter%acht43.9

2.Settlement of Dispu

Dis%utesareresolvedthrou*hinternatio

#ecourse iswithmunici%altribunalsthrou*h local

te nal modesofsettlement 8 li,ene*otiations andarbitratio

n4re%risalsand evenwar

administrative and 5udicial%rocesses.

3.Source

Derivedfrom suchsources asinternationalcustoms4internationalconventions and the

*eneral%rinci%lesof law.

;onsistsmainl) fromthelawma,in*authorit) ofeach state.


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★ Tacit consent in the case of customar)international law.

★ Express in conventional law.★ Presumed in the *eneral law of nations.

6;ornelius van B)n,ershoe,93. Groatians or Eclectics 8

★ :cce%ts the doctrine of natural law4 but

maintained that tates were accountableonl) to their own conscience for theobservance of the duties im%osed b)natural law4 unless the) had a*reed to bebound to treat those duties as %art of%ositive law. 6merich von Aattel9

★ $iddle *round

+ R)ND DI1ISIONS1. Laws of Peace 8 normal relations betweenstates in the absence of war.

2. Laws of War 8 relations between hostile orbelli*erent states durin* wartime.

3. Laws of Neutrality 8 relations between a non%artici%ant state and a %artici%ant state durin*wartime. !his also refers to the relations amon*non%artici%atin* states.

REL)TIONS (ETEEN INTERN)TION)L L) )ND3UNICIP)L L)

Fro% t#e 1iepoint o! Doctrine1. Dualists 8

★ International Law and $unici%al Law aretwo com%letel) se%arate realms.

★ See distinctions Nos. 1! "#.

2. $onists 8★ Denies that PIL and $unici%al Law areessential different.

★ In both laws4 it is the individual %ersonswho in the ultimate anal)sis are re*ulatedb) the law. !hat both laws are far frombein* essentiall) different and must bere*arded as %arts of the same 5uristicconce%tion. For them there is oneness orunit) of all laws.

★ PIL is su%erior to munici%al lawCinternational law4 bein* the one whichdetermines the 5urisdictional limits of the%ersonal and territorial com%etence oftates.

Fro% t#e 1iepoint o! Practice1. International !ribunals

★ PIL su%erior to $unici%al Law★ :rt. 204 Aienna ;onvention in the law of

!reaties 8 : state -ma) not invo,e the%rovisions of its internal law as 5ustificationfor its failure to %erform a treat)

★ tate le*all) bound to observe its treat)obli*ations4 once si*ned and ratified

2. $unici%al %here 8 de%ends on what doctrine isfollowed

Doctrine o! Incorporation -#ules of international law form %art of the law ofthe land and no further le*islative action isneeded to ma,e such rules a%%licable in thedomestic s%here. 6ec. of /ustice v. Lantion "#N137N4 under the Doctrine of Incor%oration4International Law %revails over $unici%al Law

,ELD: N7.

Jnder the doctrine of incor%oration4 rules ofinternational law form %art of the law of the landand no further le*islative action is needed toma,e such rules a%%licable in the domestic

s%here.

!he doctrine of incor%oration is a%%lied wheneverlocal courts are confronted with situations inwhich there a%%ears to be a conflict between arule of international law and the %rovisions of thelocal stateKs constitutionstatute.

First4 efforts should first be exerted to harmoni+ethem4 so as to *ive effect to both. !his is becauseit is %resumed that munici%al law was enactedwith %ro%er re*ard for the *enerall) acce%ted%rinci%les of international law in observance ofthe incor%oration clause.

@owever4 if the conflict is irreconcilable and achoice has to be made between a rule ofinternational law and munici%al law45uris%rudence dictates that the munici%al courtsshould u%hold munici%al law.

!his is because such courts are or*ans ofmunici%al law and are accordin*l) bound b) it inall circumstances. !he fact that international lawwas made %art of the law of the land does not%ertain to or im%l) the %rimac) of international


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law over nationalmunici%al law in the munici%als%here.

!he doctrine of incor%oration4 as a%%lied in mostcountries4 decrees that rules of international laware *iven eHual standin* with4 but are notsu%erior to4 national le*islative enactments.

In case of conflict4 the courts should harmoni+eboth laws first and if there exists an unavoidablecontradiction between them4 the %rinci%le of lex

posterior derogat priori a treat) ma) re%eal astatute and a statute ma) re%eal a treat) willa%%l). But if these laws are found in conflict withthe ;onstitution4 these laws must be stric,en outas invalid.

In states where the constitution is the hi*hest lawof the land4 such as in ours4 both statutes andtreaties ma) be invalidated if the) are in conflictwith the constitution.

u%reme ;ourt has the %ower to invalidate atreat) 8 ec. =M2Ma4 :rt. AIII4 10 ;onstitution

4: #at is t#e $octrine o! incorporation6 ,ois it applie$ b5 local courts6,el$: Jnder the doctrine of incor%oration4 rulesof international law form %art of the law of theland and no further le*islative action is needed toma,e such rules a%%licable in the domestics%here.

!he doctrine of incor%oration is a%%lied whenevermunici%al tribunals Mor local courts are

confronted with situations in which there a%%earsto be a conflict between a rule of internationallaw and the %rovisions of the ;onstitution orstatute of the local state. fforts should first beexerted to harmoni+e them4 so as to *ive effect toboth since it is to be %resumed that munici%al lawwas enacted with %ro%er re*ard for the *enerall)acce%ted %rinci%les of international law inobservance of the Incor%oration ;lause in ection24 :rticle II of the ;onstitution. In a situationhowever4 where the conflict is irreconcilable anda choice has to be made between a rule ofinternational law and munici%al law45uris%rudence dictates that munici%al law shouldbe u%held b) the munici%al courts for the reasonthat such courts are or*ans of munici%al law andare accordin*l) bound b) it in all circumstances.!he fact that international law has been made%art of the law of the land does not %ertain to orim%l) the %rimac) of international law overnational or munici%al law in the munici%al s%here.!he doctrine of incor%oration4 as a%%lied in mostcountries4 decrees that rules of international laware *iven eHual standin* with4 but are notsu%erior to4 national le*islative enactments.:ccordin*l)4 the %rinci%le of lex %osterior dero*at%riori ta,es effect 8 a treat) ma) re%eal a statuteand a statute ma) re%eal a treat). In states

where the ;onstitution is the hi*hest law of theland4 such as the #e%ublic of the Phili%%ines4 bothstatutes and treaties ma) be invalidated if the)are in conflict with the ;onstitution. Mecretar)of /ustice v. @on. #al%h ;. Lantion4 ".#. No.13hile soverei*nt) has traditionall) beendeemed absolute and allencom%assin* on thedomestic level4 it is however sub5ect torestrictions and limitations voluntaril) a*reed tob) the Phili%%ines4 ex%ressl) or im%liedl)4 as amember of the famil) of nations. B) the doctrineof incor%oration4 the countr) is bound b)*enerall) acce%ted %rinci%les of international law4which are considered to be automaticall) %art ofour own laws. 7ne of the oldest and mostfundamental rules in international law is %actasunt servanda 8 international a*reements must be%erformed in *ood faith. : state which hascontracted valid international obli*ations is boundto ma,e in its le*islations such modifications asma) be necessar) to ensure the fulfillment of theobli*ations.

B) their inherent nature4 treaties reall) limit orrestrict the absoluteness of soverei*nt). B) theirvoluntar) act4 nations ma) surrender someas%ects of their state %ower in exchan*e for*reater benefits *ranted b) or derived from aconvention or %act. :fter all4 states4 li,eindividuals4 live with coeHuals4 and in %ursuit ofmutuall) covenanted ob5ectives and benefits4

the) also commonl) a*ree to limit the exercise oftheir otherwise absolute ri*hts. !hus4 treatieshave been used to record a*reements betweentates concernin* such widel) diverse matters as4for exam%le4 the lease of naval bases4 the sale orcession of territor)4 the termination of war4 there*ulation of conduct of hostilities4 the formationof alliances4 the re*ulation of commercialrelations4 the settlin* of claims4 the la)in* downof rules *overnin* conduct in %eace and theestablishment of international or*ani+ations. !hesoverei*nt) of a state therefore cannot in fact andin realit) be considered absolute. ;ertainrestrictions enter into the %icture M1 limitationsim%osed b) the ver) nature of membershi% in the

famil) of nations and M2 limitations im%osed b)treat) sti%ulations. M!anada v. :n*ara4 202 ;#:14 $a) 24 10 6Pan*aniban9

Doctrine o! Trans!or%ation *Le*islative action is reHuired to ma,e the treat)enforceable in the munici%al s%here.

"enerall) acce%ted rules of international law arenot per se bindin* u%on the state but must first beembodied in le*islation enacted b) the lawma,in*bod) and so transformed into munici%al law. !his


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doctrine runs counter :rt. II4 ec. 24 of the 10;onstitution.: readin* of the case of Ouroda v /alandoni4 6"#NL2EE2 $arch 2E4 12< 3a5 2= 9A

>hile soverei*nt) has traditionall) been deemedabsolute and all encom%assin* on the domesticlevel4 it is $o%ever subject to restrictions andlimitations voluntaril) a*reed to b) thePhili%%ines4 ex%ressl) or im%liedl) as a member ofthe famil) of nations. !he ;onstitution does notenvision a hermit t)%e isolation of the countr)

from the rest of the world.

B) the doctrine of incor%oration4 the countr) isbound b) *enerall) acce%ted %rinci%les ofinternational law4 which are considered to beautomaticall) %art of our own laws.

!he constitutional %olic) of a selfreliant andinde%endent national econom) does notnecessaril) rule out the entr) of forei*ninvestments4 *oods and services. It contem%latesneither -economic seclusion nor mendicanc) inthe international communit).

Concept o! So&erei"nt5 as )utoli%itation>hen the Phili%%ines 5oined the Jnited Nations asone of its =1 charter members4 it consented torestrict its soverei*n ri*hts under the conce%t ofsoverei*nt) as autolimitation.

4: ) treat5 as concurre$ beteen RP an$C#ina8 Later= a la as passe$ #ic# #ascon!lictin" pro&isions it# t#e treat58 Rule8): : treat) is %art of the law of the land. But asinternal law4 it would not be su%erior to ale*islative act4 rather it would be in the same

class as the latter. !hus4 the latter law would beconsidered as amendator) of the treat)4 bein* asubseHuent law under the %rinci%le lex posterior dero&at priori. M:bbas vs. ;7$L;

SOURCES

:rticle 3 of the tatute of International ;ourt of/ustice MI;/ directs that the followin* beconsidered before decidin* a case

A Primary I. !reaties or International ;onventionsII. International ;ustomIII. "eneral Princi%les of Law #eco*ni+ed b);ivili+ed Nations

! "econdary IA. /udicial DecisionsA. !eachin*s of authoritative %ublicists

&'('&

)8 Pri%ar5

I8 Treaties or International Con&entions * 2BINDS:

1. ;ontract !reaties 6Traite'(ontrat9 8

★ Bilateral arran*ements concernin* mattersof %articular or s%ecial interest to thecontractin* %arties★ ource of -Particular International Law★ BJ! $a) become %rimar) sources ofinternational law when different contracttreaties are of the same nature4 containin*%racticall) uniform %rovisions4 and areconcluded b) a substantial number of tates

Q. xtradition !reaties

2. Law$a,in* !reat) 6Traite')oi9 8★ ;oncluded b) a lar*e number of tates for

%ur%oses of1. Declarin*4 confirmin*4 or definin* their

understandin* of what the law is on a%articular sub5ect

2. ti%ulatin* or la)in* down new *eneralrules for future international conduct

3. ;reatin* new international institutions★ ource of -"eneral International Law

II8 International Custo% 8$atters of international concern are not usuall)covered b) international a*reements and man)tates are not %arties to most treaties


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international custom remains a si*nificant sourceof international law4 su%%lementin* treat) rules.

Custo% is the %ractice that has *rown u% betweentates and has come to be acce%ted as bindin* b)the mere fact of %ersistent usa*e over a lon*%eriod of time

It exists when a clear and continuous habit ofdoin* certain thin*s develo%s under the;7NAI;!I7N that it is obli*ator) and ri*ht.

!his conviction is called -Opinio 7uris

>hen thereKs no conviction that it is obli*ator)and ri*ht4 thereKs onl) a Usa"e.

Jsa*e is also a usual course of conduct4 a lon*established wa) of doin* thin*s b) tates.

!o elevate a mere usa*e into one of a customar)rule of international law4 there must be a de*ree

of constant and uniform re%etition over a %eriodof time cou%led with opinio juris.

III8 eneral Principles o! La Reco"nize$ b5Ci&ilize$ Nations

alon*a o%ines that resort is ta,en from *eneral%rinci%les of law whenever no custom or treat)%rovision is a%%licable. !he idea of -civili+ednations was intended to restrict the sco%e of the%rovision to uro%ean tates4 however4 at %resentthe term no lon*er have such connotation4 thusthe term should include all nations.

xam%les of *eneral %rinci%les are estoppel pacta sunt servanda consent res judicata and prescription* includin* the %rinci%les of 5ustice4eHuit) and %eace.

(8 Secon$ar5

I18 7u$icial $ecisions!he doctrine of stare decisis is not a%%licable ininternational law %er :rt.= of the I;/ whichstates that -!he decision of the ;ourt has nobindin* force exce%t between the %arties and inres%ect to that %articular case. !his means thatthese decisions are not a direct source4 but the)do exercise considerable influence as an im%artial

and wellconsidered statement of the law b)5urists made in the li*ht of actual %roblems whicharise before them4 and thus4 accorded with *reatres%ect.

!his includes decisions of national courts4althou*h the) are not a source of law4 thecumulative effect of uniform decisions of thecourts of the most im%ortant tates is to affordevidence of international custom.

18 Teac#in"s o! aut#oritati&e publicists *inclu$in" learne$ riters

uch wor,s are resorted to b) 5udicial tribunalsnot for the s%eculation of their authorsconcernin* what the law ou*ht to be4 but fortrustworth) evidence of what the law reall) is.6$r. /ustice "ra) in PaHuete @abana case4 10=J.. E00.9

4: State 5our "eneral un$erstan$in" o! t#epri%ar5 sources an$ subsi$iar5 sources o! international la= "i&in" an illustration o! eac#82??+ (ar): Jnder :rticle 3 of the tatute of International;ourt of /ustice4 the %rimar) sources ofinternational law are the followin*

1. International conventions4 e.*. Aienna;onvention on the Law of !reaties.

2. International customs4 e.*. cabota*e4 the%rohibition a*ainst slaver)4 and the%rohibition a*ainst torture.

3. "eneral %rinci%les of law reco*ni+ed b)civili+ed nations4 e.*. %rescri%tion4 res

judicata4 and due %rocess.

!he subsidiar) sources of international law are5udicial decisions4 sub5ect to the %rovisions of:rticle =4 e.*.4 the decision in the :n*loNorwe*ian Fisheries ;ase and Nicara*ua v. J4 andteachin*s of the most hi*hl) Hualified %ublicists ofvarious nations4 e.*.4 @uman #i*hts inInternational Law b) Lauter%acht andInternational Law b) 7%%enheimLauter%acht.

)lternati&e ): #eflectin* *eneral internationallaw4 :rticle 3M1 of the tatute of International;ourt of /ustice is understood as %rovidin* for

international convention4 international custom4and *eneral %rinci%les of law as %rimar) sourcesof international law4 while indicatin* that 5udicialdecisions and teachin*s of the most hi*hl)Hualified %ublicists as -subsidiar) means for thedetermination of the rules of law.

!he %rimar) sources ma) be considered as formalsources in that the) are considered methods b)which norms of international law are created andreco*ni+ed. : conventional or treat) norm and acustomar) norm is the %roduct of the formation of*eneral %ractice acce%ted as law.

B) wa) of illustratin* international ;onvention as

a source of law4 we ma) refer to the %rinci%leembodied in :rticle E of the Aienna ;onvention onthe Law on !reaties which reads -ver) tate%ossesses ca%acit) to conclude treaties. It tellsus what the law is and the %rocess or method b)which it cam into bein*. International ;ustomma) be concretel) illustrated b) pacta suntservanda4 a customar) or *eneral norm whichcame about throu*h extensive and consistent%ractice b) a *reat number of states reco*ni+in*it as obli*ator).


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!he subsidiar) means serves as evidence of law. :decision of the International ;ourt of /ustice4 forexam%le4 ma) serve as material evidenceconfirmin* or showin* that the %rohibition a*ainstthe use of force is a customar) norm4 as thedecision of the ;ourt has demonstrated in theNicara*ua ;ase. !he status of a %rinci%le as a

norm of international law ma) find evidence inthe wor,s of hi*hl) Hualified %ublicists ininternational law4 such as $cNair4 Oelsen or7%%enheim.

SU(7ECTS

ub5ect Defined7b5ect Defined2 ;once%ts of ub5ects of International Lawtate as ub5ects of International Lawlements of a tate

ilson DoctrineMb strada Doctrine

b. Oinds of #eco*nition1. De /ure2. De Facto

c. ;onseHuences of #eco*nition of"overnment

;. #eco*nition of Belli*erenc)a. Belli*erenc)b. 2 enses of Belli*erenc)c. #eHuisites of Belli*erenc)

d. ;onseHuences of #eco*nition ofBelli*erents

e. Forms of #eco*nition

&'('&

Subect De!ine$

: ub5ect is an entity t$at $as an international personality . :n entit) has an international%ersonalit) if it can directl) enforce its ri*hts andduties under international law. >here there is nodirect enforcement of accountabilit) and anintermediate a*enc) is needed4 t$e entity ismerely an object not a subject of internationalla%.

4: #en $oes an entit5 acuire internationalpersonalit56): >hen it has ri*ht and duties underinternational law can directl) enforce its ri*htsand ma) be held directl) accountable for itsobli*ations.

Obects De!ine$:n 7b5ect is a %erson or thin* in res%ect of whichri*hts are held and obli*ations assumed b) theub5ect. !hus4 it is not directl) *overned b) therules of international law. !here is no directenforcement and accountabilit). :n intermediatea*enc)Cthe ub5ectCis reHuired for theen5o)ment of its ri*hts and for the dischar*e of itsobli*ations.

SU(7ECTS OF INTERN)TION)L L)2 Concepts:1. Tra$itional concept

★ 7nl) tates are considered sub5ects of

international law.2. Conte%porar5 concept

★ Individuals and internationalor*ani+ations are also sub5ects becausethe) have ri*hts and duties underinternational law. MLian* vs. Peo%le4 "#N12=E= 62E $arch 219

T#e ST)TE as subect o! International Latate is a communit) of %ersons more or lessnumerous4 %ermanentl) occu%)in* a definite%ortion of territor)4 inde%endent of externalcontrol4 and %ossessin* an or*ani+ed *overnmentto which the *reat bod) of inhabitants render

habitual obedience.

4: T#e 7apanese "o&ern%ent con!ir%e$ t#at$urin" t#e Secon$ orl$ ar= Filipinas erea%on" t#ose conscripte$ as Gco%!ort o%enHprostitutes !or 7apanese troops in &ariousparts o! )sia8 T#e 7apanese "o&ern%ent #asaccor$in"l5 launc#e$ a "oo$ill ca%pai"n an$o!!ere$ t#e P#ilippine "o&ern%ent substantialassistance !or a pro"ra% t#at ill pro%otet#rou"# "o&ern%ent an$ non-"o&ern%entalor"anization o%ens ri"#ts= c#il$ el!are=nutrition an$ !a%il5 #ealt# care8 )n eJecuti&e


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a"ree%ent is about to be si"ne$ !or t#atpurpose8 T#e a"ree%ent inclu$es a clause#ereb5 t#e P#ilippine "o&ern%entacKnole$"es t#at an5 liabilit5 to t#e co%!orto%en or t#eir $escen$ants are $ee%e$co&ere$ b5 t#e reparations a"ree%ents si"ne$an$ i%ple%ente$ i%%e$iatel5 a!ter t#e Secon$

orl$ ar8 7ulian I"lesias= $escen$ant o! no$ecease$ co%!ort o%an= seeKs 5ou a$&ise ont#e &ali$it5 o! t#e a"ree%ent8 )$&ise #i%892 (ar): !he a*reement is valid. !he comfort womanand their descendant cannot assert individualclaims a*ainst /a%an. :s stated in Paris $oore v.#ea*an4


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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 20089?

*overnment since 1=0. !his a%%ears to be theuniversal %ractice in international relations.

4: Discuss t#e Status o! t#e 1atican an$ t#e ,ol5See in International La8,el$: Before the annexation of the Pa%al tatesb) Ital) in 104 the Po%e was the monarch and

he4 as the @ol) ee4 was considered a sub5ect ofInternational Law. >ith the loss of the Pa%altates and the limitation of the territor) underthe @ol) ee to an area of 1.0 acres4 the%osition of the @ol) ee in International Lawbecame controversial.

In 124 Ital) and the @ol) ee entered into theLateran !reat)4 where Ital) reco*ni+ed theexclusive dominion and soverei*n 5urisdiction ofthe @ol) ee over the Aatican ;it). It alsoreco*ni+ed the ri*ht of the @ol) ee to receiveforei*n di%lomats4 to send its own di%lomats toforei*n countries4 and to enter into treaties

accordin* to International Law.!he Lateran !reat) established the statehood ofthe Aatican ;it) -for the %ur%ose of assurin* tothe @ol) ee absolute and visible inde%endenceand of *uaranteein* to it indis%utable soverei*nt)also in the field of international relations.

In view of the wordin*s of the Lateran !reat)4 it isdifficult to determine whether the statehood isvested in the @ol) ee or in the Aatican ;it).ome writers even su**ested that the treat)created two international %ersons the @ol) eeand Aatican ;it).

!he Aatican ;it) fits into none of the establishedcate*ories of states4 and the attribution to it of-soverei*nt) must be made in a sense differentfrom that in which it is a%%lied to other states. Ina communit) of national states4 the Aatican ;it)re%resents an entit) or*ani+ed not for %oliticalbut for ecclesiastical %ur%oses and internationalob5ects. Des%ite its si+e and ob5ect4 the Aatican;it) has an inde%endent *overnment of its own4with the Po%e4 who is also head of the #oman;atholic ;hurch4 as the @ol) ee or @ead of tate4in conformit) with its traditions4 and the demandsof its mission in the world. Indeed4 the worldwide interests and activities of the Aatican ;it)are such as to ma,e it in a sense an -internationalstate.

7ne authorit) wrote that the reco*nition of theAatican ;it) as a state has si*nificant im%lication that it is %ossible for an) entit) %ursuin* ob5ectsessentiall) different from those %ursued b) statesto be invested with international %ersonalit).

Inasmuch as the Po%e %refers to conduct forei*nrelations and enter into transactions as the @ol)ee and not in the name of the Aatican ;it)4 onecan conclude that in the Po%eUs own view4 it is the@ol) ee that is the international %erson.

!he #e%ublic of the Phili%%ines has accorded the@ol) ee the status of a forei*n soverei*n. !he@ol) ee4 throu*h its :mbassador4 the Pa%alNuncio4 has had di%lomatic re%resentations withthe Phili%%ine *overnment since 1=0. !hisa%%ears to be the universal %ractice in

international relations. M@ol) ee4 !he v. #osario4/r.4 23 ;#: =2


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4: T#e pro&ision $elete$ t#e re!erence toterritories clai%e$ Gb5 #istoric ri"#t or le"altitle8H Does t#is %ean t#at e #a&e aban$one$clai%s to Saba#6): N7T !his is not an outri*ht or formalabandonment of the claim. Instead4 the claim was

left to a 5udicial bod) ca%able of %assin*5ud*ment over the issue

★ !he definition covers the followin*territories1. ;eded to the J under the !reat) of Paris

of 1 Dec. 12. Defined in the 0 Nov. 1 !reat)

between J and %ain4 on the followin*islands

3. ;a*a)an>II

c +y secession 8 that which isestablished b) the inhabitants ofa state who cedes therefromwithout overthrowin* its*overnment

Q. the confederate *overnmentdurin* the :merican ;ivil >arwhich4 however4 did not see, tode%ose the union *overnment

4: Is t#e Cor5 )uino o&ern%ent a $e !acto or$e ure "o&ern%ent6): De /ureT >hile initiall) the :Huino"overnment was a de facto *overnment becauseit was established thru extraconstitutionalmeasures4 it nevertheless assumed a de 5urestatus when it subseHuentl) reco*ni+ed b) theinternational communit) as the le*itimate*overnment of the #e%ublic of the Phili%%ines.$oreover4 a new ;onstitution was drafted and

overwhelmin*l) ratified b) the Fili%ino %eo%le andnational elections were held for that %ur%ose.6Law)ers Lea*ue for a Better Phili%%ines v.:Huino4 ".#. No. 030


12/89

Notes:


Ma Oee%in* of order and %rovidin* forthe %rotection of %ersons and%ro%ert) from violence and robber

Mb Fixin* of le*al relations betweens%ouses and between %arents andchildren

Mc #e*ulation of the holdin*4

transmission4 and interchan*e of%ro%ert)4 and the determination ofliabilities for debt and crime

Md Determination of contractualrelations between individuals

Me Definition and %unishment of crimesMf :dministration of 5ustice in civil

casesM* :dministration of %olitical duties4

%rivile*es4 and relations of citi+ensMh Dealin*s of the tates with forei*n

%owers

2. 3inistrant 8 underta,en to advance the*eneral interests of societ) 8 merel)

7P!I7N:L.

xam%lesMa Public wor,sMb Public charit)Mc #e*ulation of trade and industr)

4: Is t#e $istinction still rele&ant6): No lon*er relevantT

)CCF) &8 CUCO .+? SCR) ;0/

;onstitution has re%udiated the laisse+ faire%olic)

;onstitution has made com%ulsor) the%erformance of ministrant functions.

xam%lesPromote social 5usticeLand reformProvide adeHuate social services

4: #at is t#e %an$ate o! t#e P#ilippineo&ern%ent6): :rt. II4 ec. < 8 -!he %rime dut) of the"overnment is to serve and %rotect the %eo%leG!hus4 whatever *ood is done b) *overnment 8attributed to the tate whatever harm is done b)the *overnment 8 attributed to the *overnmentalone4 not the tate

@arm 5ustifies the re%lacement of the *overnmentb) revolution 8 -Direct State )ction

EFFECTS OF ) C,)NE IN O1ERN3ENT:It is well settled that as far as the ri*hts of the%redecessor *overnment are concerned4 the) areinherited in toto b) the successor *overnment.#e*ardin* obli*ations4 distinction is madeaccordin* to the manner of the establishment ofthe new *overnment.

!he rule is that where the new *overnment wasor*ani+ed b) virtue of a constitutional reform dul)ratified in a %lebiscite4 the obli*ations of there%laced *overnment are also com%letel) assumedb) the former. ;onversel)4 where the new*overnment was established throu*h violence4 as

b) a revolution4 it ma) lawfull) re5ect the %urel)%ersonal or %olitical obli*ations of the%redecessor *overnment but not those contractedb) it in the ordinar) course of official business.

Su%%ar5::. ;han*e of "overnment b) ;onstitutional

#eform★ !he new *overnment inherits all the

ri*hts and obli*ations of the former*overnment

B. ;han*e b) xtra;onstitutional $eans

★ #i*hts 8 all are inherited★ 7bli*ations 8 distin*uish

★ ;ontracted in the re*ular courseof business 8 Inherited

Q. Pa)ment of %ostal mone) ordersbou*ht b) an individual

★ Purel) PersonalPolitical7bli*ations 8 Not boundT $a)re5ectT

Q. Pa)ment for arms bou*ht b) old*overnment to fi*ht the rebels

4: T#e Fe$eration o! Isla%aba$ conclu$e$ ana"ree%ent it# t#e republic o! (aleria #ent#e lea$ers o! Isla%aba$ %a$e a state &isit tot#e latter8 T#e a"ree%ent concerns t#e!acilitation o! entr5 o! (alerian contract orKersin Isla%aba$8 T#erea!ter= a re&olution broKeout in Isla%aba$ #ic# is no "o&erne$ b5 are&olutionar5 unta8 3ost o! (alerian contractorKers ere arreste$ b5 Isla%aba$I%%i"ration o!!icers !or not #a&in" it# t#e%t#e necessar5 papers an$ proper $ocu%ents8Upon learnin" o! t#e inci$ent= t#e "o&ern%ento! (aleria lo$"e$ a !or%al protest it# t#eIsla%aba$ re&olutionar5 "o&ern%ent in&oKin"

certain pro&isions o! t#e a!ore%entione$a"ree%ent8 T#e latter replie$= #oe&er t#att#e ne "o&ern%ent is not internationall5boun$ b5 t#e a"ree%ent t#at as conclu$e$ b5t#e !or%er "o&ern%ent o! Isla%aba$ an$(aleria8 3oreo&er= Isla%aba$ !urt#er conten$e$t#at t#e a"ree%ent as contrar5 to itsplas%atic la8 Is t#e Isla%aba$ re&olutionar5"o&ern%ent un$er obli"ation pursuant tointernational la= to co%pl5 it# #at asa"ree$ upon an$ set !ort# in t#e a"ree%entconclu$e$ beteen (aleria an$ its !or%er"o&ern%ent6 Reasons8 9>< (ar


13/89

Notes:

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 20089+

): Ses. : new *overnment is exem%t fromobli*ation of treaties entered into b) the %revious*overnment onl) with res%ect to those whosesub5ect matter is %olitical in nature. !hefacilitation of entr) b) Balerian contract wor,ersto Islamabad is non %olitical. @ence4 the treat)embod)in* such a*reement is bindin* on the new

*overnment of Islamabad. Nor ma) the new*overnment evade its international obli*ation onthe *round that the a*reement is contrar) to itsPlasmatic law. !he rule is settled that a statecannot evade its international obli*ation b)invo,in* its internal law. It is %resumed that thetreat) is in conformit) with its internal law.D. So&erei"nt5 8

★ the su%reme and uncontrollable %owerinherent in a tate b) which that tate is*overned. $a) be le*al or %olitical

★ BINDS:1. Le*al and Political overei*nt)

Le*al

☀ the authorit) which has the %ower toissue final commands

☀ ;on*ress is le*al soverei*n

Political ☀ the %ower behind the le*al

soverei*n4 or the sum of theinfluences that o%erate u%on it

☀ the different sectors moldin* %ublico%inion

2. Internal and xternal overei*nt)

Internal 8☀

the %ower of a tate to control itsinternal affairs

xternal ☀ the %ower of the tate to direct its

relations with other tates☀ also called -Inde%endence

C#aracteristics o! So&erei"nt51. %ermanent2. exclusivit)3. com%rehensiveness>II★ overei*nt) remained with the J★ /a%anese merel) too, over the exercise

of acts of soverei*nt)

4: In t#is case= #at are t#e e!!ects on t#elas6): Political Laws

"# us%endedT★ ub5ect to revival under jus postliminium

8 i.e.4 once the le*itimate authorit)returns4 the %olitical laws are revived

★ ,us Postliminium 8 roman law conce%t. Ifa #oman ;iti+en is ca%tured4 he loses hisri*hts as a #oman citi+en4 but once hereturns to #ome4 he recovers all thoseri*hts a*ain

QPNMa Laws of !reason 8 Not sus%endedT★ Preservation of alle*iance to soverei*n

does not demand %ositive action4 butonl) a %assive attitude or forbearancefrom adherin* to the enem) b) *ivin* thelatter aid and comfort MLaurel v. $isa

Mb ;ombatants 8 not covered b) said rule

★ !hus4 :FP members still covered b)National Defense :ct4 :rticles of >ar4etc. M#uff) v. ;hief of taff

★ #ule a%%lies onl) to civilians

;ivil Laws"# #emains in forceQPN :mended or su%erseded b) affirmativeact of belli*erent occu%ant

4: #at #appens to u$icial $ecisions %a$e$urin" t#e occupation6): !hose of a Political ;om%lexion 8

★ automaticall) annulled u%on restoration

of le*itimate authorit)★ conviction for treason a*ainst thebelli*erent

Non%olitical★ remains valid★ Q. ;onviction for defamation

EFFECTS OF ) C,)NE IN SO1EREINT1. Political Laws are deemed :B#7":!D.

4: #56): !he) *overn relations between the tateand the %eo%le.

2. NonPolitical Laws *enerall) continue in

o%eration.4: #56): #e*ulates onl) %rivate relations

QPNMa ;han*ed b) the new soverei*nMb ;ontrar) to institutions of the newsoverei*n

4: #at is t#e e!!ect o! c#an"e o! so&erei"nt5#en t#e Spain ce$e$ t#e P#ilippines to t#eU8S86


14/89

Notes:


): !he effect is that the %olitical laws of theformer soverei*n are not merely suspended butabro&ated. :s the) re*ulate the relationsbetween the ruler and the rules4 these laws fall tothe *round ipso facto unless the) are retained orreenacted b) %ositive act of the new soverei*n.Non%olitical laws4 b) contrast4 continue in

o%eration4 for the reason also that the) re*ulate%rivate relations onl)4 unless the) are chan*ed b)the new soverei*n or are contrar) to itsinstitutions.

4: #at is t#e e!!ect o! 7apanese occupation tot#e so&erei"nt5 o! t#e U8S8 o&er t#e P#ilippines6): overei*nt) is not deemed sus%ended althou*hacts of soverei*nt) cannot be exercised b) thele*itimate authorit). !hus4 soverei*nt) over thePhili%%ines remained with the J.. althou*h the:mericans could not exercise an) control over theoccu%ied territor) at the time. >hat thebelli*erent occu%ant too, over was merel) theexercise of acts of soverei*nt).

4: Distin"uis# beteen Spanis# secession to t#eU8S8 an$ 7apanese occupation $urin" IIre"ar$in" t#e political las o! t#e P#ilippines8): !here bein* no chan*e of soverei*nt) durin*the belli*erent occu%ation of /a%an4 the %oliticallaws of the occu%ied territor) are merely suspended 4 sub5ect to revival under jus postliminium u%on the end of the occu%ation. Inboth cases4 however4 non%olitical laws4 remainseffective.

NOTES:$embers of the armed forces are still covered b)

the National Defense :ct4 the :rticles of >ar andother laws relatin* to the armed forces evendurin* the /a%anese occu%ation.

: %erson convicted of treason a&ainst the/a%anese Im%erial Forces was4 after theoccu%ation4 entitled to be released on the *roundthat the sentence im%osed on him for his %oliticaloffense had ceased to be valid but not on non%olitical offenses.

4: 3a5 an in#abitant o! a conuere$ State becon&icte$ o! treason a"ainst t#e le"iti%ateso&erei"n co%%itte$ $urin" t#e eJistence o! belli"erenc56

): S. :lthou*h the %enal code is non%oliticallaw4 it is a%%licable to treason committed a*ainstthe national securit) of the le*itimate*overnment4 because the inhabitants of theoccu%ied territor) were still bound b) theiralle*iance to the latter durin* the enem)occu%ation. ince the %reservation of thealle*iance or the obli*ation of fidelit) andobedience of a citi+en or sub5ect to his*overnment or soverei*n does not demand fromhim a %ositive action4 but onl) %assive attitude orforbearance from adherin* to the enem) b) *ivin*the latter aid and comfort4 the occu%ant has no

%ower4 as a corollar) of the %recedin*consideration4 to re%eal or sus%end the o%erationof the law of treason.

4: as t#ere a case o! suspen$e$ alle"iance$urin" t#e 7apanese occupation6) None. :do%tion of the %etitionerUs theor) of

sus%ended alle*iance would lead to disastrousconseHuences for small and wea, nations orstates4 and would be re%u*nant to the laws ofhumanit) and reHuirements of %ublic conscience4for it would allow invaders to le*all) recruit orenlist the Huislin* inhabitants of the occu%iedterritor) to fi*ht a*ainst their own *overnmentwithout the latter incurrin* the ris, of bein*%rosecuted for treason. !o allow sus%ension is tocommit %olitical suicide.

4: Is so&erei"nt5 reall5 absolute6): In the domestic s%here 8 ST In internationals%here 8 N7T

Ta@a$a= et al8 &s8 )n"ara= et al8.R 99>2hile soverei*nt) has traditionall) been deemedabsolute and allencom%assin* on the domesticlevel4 it is however sub5ect to restrictions andlimitations voluntaril) a*reed to b) thePhili%%ines4 ex%ressl) or im%liedl)4 as a memberof the famil) of nations.

B) the doctrine of incor%oration4 the countr) isbound b) *enerall) acce%ted %rinci%les ofinternational law4 which are considered to beautomaticall) %art of our own laws.

7ne of the oldest and most fundamental rules ininternational law is %acta sunt servanda 8international a*reements must be %erformed in*ood faith.

: treat) en*a*ement is not a mere moralobli*ation but creates a le*all) bindin* obli*ationon the %arties. B) their inherent nature4 treatieslimit or restrict the absoluteness of soverei*nt).B) their voluntar) act4 nations ma) surrendersome as%ects of their state %ower in exchan*e for*reater benefits *ranted b) or derived from aconvention or %act.

tates4 li,e individuals4 live with coeHuals4 and in%ursuit of mutuall) covenanted ob5ectives andbenefits4 the) also commonl) a*ree to limit theexercise of their otherwise absolute ri*hts.

!hus4 a stateKs soverei*nt) cannot in fact and inrealit) be considered absolute. ;ertainrestrictions enter into the %ictureLimitations im%osed b) the ver) nature ofmembershi% in the famil) of nations andLimitations im%osed b) treat) sti%ulations.


15/89

Notes:


!hus4 when the Phili%%ines 5oined the JN as oneof its =1 charter members4 it consented to restrictits soverei*n ri*hts under the -conce%t ofsoverei*nt) as :J!7LI$I!:!I7N.

!he underl)in* consideration in this %artialsurrender of soverei*nt) is the reci%rocalcommitment of the other contractin* states in*rantin* the same %rivile*e and immunities to thePhili%%ines4 its officials and its citi+ens.

;learl)4 a %ortion of soverei*nt) ma) be waivedwithout violatin* the ;onstitution4 based on therationale that the Phili%%ines -ado%ts the*enerall) acce%ted %rinci%les of international lawas %art of the law of the land and adheres to the%olic) of . . . coo%eration and amit) with allnations.

Principle o! State Continuit5tate is not lost when one of its elements ischan*ed it is lost onl) when at least one of itselements is destro)ed. tate does not lose itsidentit) but remains one and the sameinternational %erson notwithstandin* chan*es inthe form of its *overnment4 territor)4 %eo%le4 orsoverei*nt). ee ,ol5 See &s8 Rosario 2+> SCR)


16/89

Notes:


defense which ma) be 5ustified under customar)international law. Neither can the) 5ustif) theirinvasion on the *round that :rticle


17/89

Notes:


ecurit) ;ouncil to decide whether force ma) beused a*ainst s%ecific states and under whatconditions the force ma) be used.

4: Is t#e Unite$ States usti!ie$ in in&a$in" Irain&oKin" its ri"#t to $e!en$ itsel! a"ainst aneJpecte$ attacK b5 Ira it# t#e use o! its

biolo"ical an$ c#e%ical eapons o! %ass$estruction6): !he Jnited tates is invo,in* its ri*ht todefend itself a*ainst an ex%ected attac, b) IraHwith the use of its biolo*ical and chemicalwea%ons of mass destruction. !here is noevidence of such a threat4 but Bush is %robabl)invo,in* the modern view that a state does nothave to wait until the %otential enem) fires first.!he cowbo) from !exas sa)s that outdrawin* thefoe who is about to shoot is an act of selfdefense.

:rt. =1 sa)s4 however4 that there must first be an-armed attac, before a state can exercise its

inherent ri*ht of selfdefense4 and onl) until theecurit) ;ouncil4 to which the a**ression shouldbe re%orted4 shall have ta,en the necessar)measures to maintain international %eace andsecurit). It was the Jnited tates that made the-armed attac, first4 thus becomin* thea**ressor4 not IraH. IraH is now not onl)exercisin* its inherent ri*ht of selfdefense asreco*ni+ed b) the JN ;harter. M/ustice Isa*ani :.;ru+4 in an article entitled -: New >orld 7rderwritten in his column -e%arate 7%inion%ublished in the $arch 34 23 issue of thePhili%%ines Dail) InHuirer

4: ill t#e subseuent $isco&er5 o! eapons o! %ass $estruction in Ira a!ter its in&asion b5 t#eUS usti!5 t#e attacK initiate$ b5 t#e latter6): ven if IraHKs hidden arsenal is discovered 8 oractuall) used 8 and the Jnited tates is 5ustifiedin its sus%icions4 that circumstance will notvalidate the %rocedure ta,en a*ainst IraH. It isli,e searchin* a %erson without warrant andcurin* the irre*ularit) with the discover) of%rohibited dru*s in his %ossession. !he %rocesscannot be reversed. !he warrant must first beissued before the search and sei+ure can bemade.

!he :merican invasion was made without

%ermission from the ecurit) ;ouncil as reHuiredb) the JN ;harter. :n) subseHuent discover) ofthe %rohibited biolo*ical and chemical wea%onswill not retroactivel) le*ali+e that invasion4 whichwas4 le*all) s%ea,in*4 null and void ab initio.M/ustice Isa*ani :. ;ru+4 in an article entitled -:New >orld 7rder written in his column-e%arate 7%inion %ublished in the $arch 3423 issue of the Phili%%ines Dail) InHuirer

4: State (= rel5in" on in!or%ation "at#ere$ b5its intelli"ence co%%unit5 to t#e e!!ect t#at itsnei"#bor= State C= is plannin" an attacK on its

nuclear plan an$ researc# institute= un$ertooKa Gpre&enti&eH attacK in certain bases on StateC locate$ near t#e bor$er o! t#e to states8 )sa result= State C presente$ t#e inci$ent to t#eUN eneral )sse%bl5 but t#e latter re!erre$ itto t#e UN Securit5 Council as a %atter= #ic#$isturbs or t#reatens Ginternational peace an$

securit5H8 State ( ar"ue$ t#at it as actin"it#in t#e le"al boun$s o! )rticle


18/89

Notes:


It is -the dictatorial interference b) a tate in theinternal affairs of another tate4 or in therelations between other tates4 which is eitherforcible or bac,ed b) the threat of force.

Inter&ention is Di!!erent !ro% GIntercessionH☀ Intercession is allowedT

☀ Q. Di%lomatic Protest4 !ender of :dvice

enerall5 Inter&ention is Pro#ibite$ Dra"oDoctrine★ Prohibits intervention for the collection of

contractual debts4 %ublic or %rivate★ Formulated b) Forei*n $inister Luis Dra*o

M:r*entina4 in reaction to the Aene+uelanIncident

1enezuelan Inci$entIn 124 JO4 "erman) and Ital) bloc,adedAene+uelan %orts to com%el it to %a) itscontractual debts leadin* Forei*n $inister Dra*oto formulate a doctrine that - a %ublic debt

cannot *ive rise to the ri*ht of intervention. !his%rinci%le was later ado%ted in the econd @a*ue;onference4 but sub5ect to the Hualification thatthe debtor state should not refuse or ne*lect tore%l) to an offer of arbitration or after acce%tin*the offer4 %revent an) compromis from bein*a*reed u%on4 or after the arbitration4 fail tosubmit to the award4 the Hualification is ,nown asthe Porter resolution8

Paci!ic (locKa$e★ one im%osed durin* times of %eace★ were the countries at war4 then a bloc,ade is

a le*itimate measure

★ in fact4 a bloc,ade must not be violated b) aneutral tate★ if breached4 the neutral vessel is sei+ed

,EN INTER1ENTION )LLOED= EJceptions1. Intervention as an :ct of Individual and

;ollective elfDefense2. Intervention b) !reat) ti%ulation or b)

Invitation

GInter&ention b5 In&itationH★ Presu%%oses that the invitin* tate is not

a mere %u%%et of the intervenin* tate★ Q. @un*ar)

In 1=E4 @un*ar) was in internal

turmoil4 and as,ed the oviet forcesto intervene

>hile the intervention was u%oninvitation4 it was still condemnedbecause the @un*arian *overnmentwas a mere oviet %u%%et

3. B) JN :uthori+ation and #esolution★ Q. 1. Oorean >ar

In fact4 it is JN itself that intervened

2. 1 IraHi :nnexation of Ouwait

!here was an ; #esolution4authori+in* the Jled multilateralforce to intervene

0(ar): !he $uslim secessionist movement is not aninternational dis%ute4 which under :rticle 3=M1 ofthe JN ;harter4 a member of the Jnited Nationsma) brin* to the attention of the ecurit) ;ouncilor the "eneral :ssembl). uch dis%ute can ariseonl) between two or more tates. !he attem%t ofthe :rab Lea*ue to %lace on the a*enda of the"eneral :ssembl) the $uslim %roblem in $indanaocan onl) be views as an interference with a %urel)domestic affair.

#en Use o! Force is )lloe$ un$er t#e UNC#arter (5 UNSC Resolution * )rts8 09 an$ 02:rt.


19/89

Notes:


action b) air4 sea4 or land forces as ma) benecessar) to maintain or restore international%eace and securit). uch action ma) includedemonstrations4 bloc,ade4 and other o%erationsb) air4 sea4 or land forces of $embers of the JN.

In the exercise of ri*ht of selfdefense4 a*ainst

armed attac,s 8 :rt. =1

-Nothin* in the %resent charter shall im%airthe inherent ri*ht of individual or collectiveselfdefense if an armed attac, occurs a*ainsta $ember of the JN4 until the ; has ta,enmeasures necessar) to maintain international%eace and securit). $easures ta,en b)$embers in the exercise of this ri*ht of selfdefense shall be immediatel) re%orted to the; and shall not in an) wa) affect theauthorit) and res%onsibilit) of the ; underthe %resent ;harter to ta,e at an) time suchaction as it deems necessar) in order tomaintain or restore international %eace and

securit).

N7! !here is a limited definition of armedattac,s 8 Nicar*ua v. Jnited tates

Nicara"ua &8 Unite$ States

-1=. In the case of individual selfdefense4 theexercise of this ri*ht is sub5ect to the tateconcerned havin* been the victim of an armedattac,. #eliance on collective selfdefense ofcourse does not remove the need for this. !herea%%ears now to be *eneral a*reement on thenature of the acts which can be treated as

constitutin* armed attac,s. In %articular4 it ma)be considered to be a*reed that an armed attac,must be understood as includin* not merel) actionb) re*ular armed forces across an internationalborder4 but also Uthe sendin* b) or on behalf of atate of armed bands4 *rou%s4 irre*ulars ormercenaries4 which carr) out acts of armed forcea*ainst another tate of such *ravit) as to amounttoU /inter alia an actual armed attac, conductedb) re*ular forces4 Uor its substantial involvementthereinU. !his descri%tion4 contained in :rticle 34%ara*ra%h M*4 of the Definition of :**ressionannexed to "eneral :ssembl) resolution 331<MQQIQ4 ma) be ta,en to reflect customar)international law. !he ;ourt sees no reason toden) that4 in customar) law4 the %rohibition ofarmed attac,s ma) a%%l) to the sendin* b) atate of armed bands to the territor) of anothertate4 if such an o%eration4 because of its scaleand effects4 would have been classified as anarmed attac, rather than as a mere frontierincident had it been carried out b) re*ular armedforces. But the ;ourt does not believe that theconce%t of Uarmed attac,U includes not onl) acts b)armed bands where such acts occur on asi*nificant scale but also assistance to rebels inthe form of the %rovision of wea%ons or lo*isticalor other su%%ort. uch assistance ma) be re*arded

as a threat or use of force4 or amount tointervention in the internal or external affairs ofother tates.

RECONITION+ LE1ELS

:. #eco*nition of tate

B. #eco*nition of "overnment;. #eco*nition of Belli*erenc)

RECONITION OF ST)TE2 Sc#ools o! T#ou"#t#onstitutive "chool

- reco*nition is the act which *ives to a%olitical entit) international status as atate

- it is onl) throu*h reco*nition that a tatebecomes an International Person and asub5ect of international law

- thus4 reco*nition is a le*al matterCnot amatter of arbitrar) will on the %art ofone tate whether to reco*ni+e or refuseto reco*ni+e another entit) but thatwhere certain conditions of fact exist4 anentit) ma) demand4 and the tate isunder le*al dut) to accord reco*nition

&eclaratory "chool- reco*nition merel) an act that declares

as a fact somethin* that has hithertobeen uncertain

- it sim%l) manifests the reco*ni+in*tateKs readiness to acce%t the normalconseHuences of the fact of tatehood

- reco*nition is a %olitical act4 i.e.4 it isentirel) a matter of %olic) and discretion

to *ive or refuse reco*nition4 and that noentit) %ossesses the %ower4 as a matterof le*al ri*ht4 to demand reco*nition

- there is no le*al ri*ht to demandreco*nition

- followed b) most nations

★ reco*nition of a tate has now beensubstituted to a lar*e extent b) the actof admission to the Jnited Nations

★ it is the -assurance *iven to a new tatethat it will be %ermitted to hold its %laceand ran, in the character of aninde%endent %olitical or*anism in thesociet) of nations

4: EJplain= usin" eJa%ple= t#e Declarator5T#eor5 o! Reco"nition Principle8 99 (ar): !he declarator) theor) of reco*nition is atheor) accordin* to which reco*nition of a state ismerel) an ac,nowled*ment of the fact of itsexistence. In other words4 the reco*ni+ed statealread) exists and can exist even without suchreco*nition. For exam%le4 when other countriesreco*ni+e Ban*ladesh4 Ban*ladesh alread) existedas a state even without such reco*nition.


20/89

Notes:

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 20082?

4: Distin"uis# brie!l5 but clearl5 beteen t#econstituti&e t#eor5 an$ t#e $eclarator5 t#eor5concernin" reco"nition o! states8 2??0 (ar): !he constitutive theor) is the minorit) viewwhich holds that reco*nition is the last elementthat converts or constitutes the entit) bein*reco*ni+ed into an international %erson while the

declarator) theor) is the ma5orit) view thatreco*nition affirms the %reexistin* fact that theentit) bein* reco*ni+ed alread) %ossesses thestatus of an international %erson. In the formerreco*nition is re*arded as mandator) and le*aland ma) be demanded as a matter of ri*ht b) an)entit) that can establish its %ossession of the fouressential elements of a state while the latterreco*nition is hi*hl) %olitical and discretionar).

RECONITION OF O1ERN3ENT

Reco"nition o! o&ern%ent

Reco"nition o! State

0s to Scope Does notnecessaril)si*nif) thatreco*nition of atate 8 to*overnment ma)not beinde%endent

Includesreco*nition or*overnment 8*overnment anessentialelement of atate

0s toRevocability

#evocable "enerall)4irrevocable

4: Distin"uis# reco"nition o! State !ro%reco"nition o! o&ern%ent8 9A< (ar): M1 #eco*nition of state carries with it thereco*nition of *overnment since the formerim%lies that a state reco*ni+ed has all theessential reHuisites of a state at he timereco*nition is extended.

M2 7nce reco*nition of state is accorded4 it is*enerall) irrevocable. #eco*nition of*overnment4 on the other hand4 ma) be withheldfrom a succeedin* *overnment brou*ht about b)violent or unconstitutional means.

Criteria !or Reco"nition1. Obecti&e Test 8★ *overnment should be FF;!IA and

!:BL★ *overnment is in %ossession of tate

machiner)★ there is little resistance to its authorit)

2. Subecti&e Test 8★ >ILLIN"N and :BILI!S★ the *overnment is willin* and able to

dischar*e its international obli*ations★ 2 Doctrines

Tobar or ilson Doctrine☀ su**ested b) Forei*n $inister !obar

Mcuador reiterated b) President>oodrow >ilson MJ

☀ reco*nition is withheld from *overnmentsestablished b) revolutionar) means 8

revolution4 civil war4 cou% dKetat4 otherforms of internal violence4 JN!IL4 freel)elected re%resentatives of the %eo%lehave or*ani+ed a constitutional*overnment

Estra$a Doctrine☀ a reaction to the !obar>ilson Doctrine

formulated b) $exican Forei*n $inister"enaro strada

☀ disclaims ri*ht of forei*n states to ruleu%on le*itimac) of a *overnment of aforei*n tate

☀ a %olic) of never issuin* an) declaration*ivin* reco*nition to *overnments 8

instead4 it sim%l) acce%ts whatever*overnment is in effective controlwithout raisin* the issue of reco*nition

4: Distin"uis# brie!l5 but clearl5 beteen t#eilson $octrine an$ t#e Estra$a $octrinere"ar$in" reco"nition o! "o&ern%ents8 2??0(ar): In the >ilson or !obar doctrine4 a *overnmentestablished b) means revolution4 civil war4 coupd etat or other forms of internal violence will notbe reco*ni+ed until the freel) electedre%resentatives of the %eo%le have or*ani+ed aconstitutional *overnment4 while in the strada

doctrine an) di%lomatic re%resentatives in acountr) where an u%heaval has ta,en %lace willdeal or not deal with whatever *overnment is incontrol therein at the time and either action shallnot be ta,en as a 5ud*ment on the le*itimac) ofthe said *overnment.

Bin$s o! Reco"nitionReco"nition De 7ure Reco"nition

De Facto 0s toDuration

#elativel)%ermanent

Provisional4

0s toEffect onDiplomaticRelations

Brin*s about fulldi%lomaticrelationsintercourse

Limited tocertain5uridicalrelationsforinstance4 itdoes notbrin* aboutdi%lomaticimmunities

0s toEffect onProperties 0broad

Aests title toreco*ni+ed*overnment in%ro%erties abroad

Does notvest suchtitle

Reco"nition De 7ure


21/89

Notes:


★ "iven to a *overnment that satisfies both theob5ective and sub5ective criteria

Reco"nition De Facto★ "iven to *overnments that have not full)

satisfied ob5ective and sub5ective criteria★ Q. >hile wieldin* effective %ower4 it mi*ht

have not )et acHuired sufficient stabilit)

Conseuences o! Reco"nition o! o&ern%ent1. !he reco*ni+ed *overnment or tate ac2uires

t$e capacity to enter into diplomaticrelations with reco*ni+in* tates and to ma,etreaties with them

2. !he reco*ni+ed *overnment or tate ac2uirest$e ri&$t of suin& in the courts of law of thereco*ni+in* tate

3. It is immune from t$e jurisdiction of thecourts of law of reco*ni+in* tate


22/89

Notes:


sanctions are *overnedb) munici%al law 8#evised Penal ;ode4i.e. rebellion

*overned b) the ruleson international law asthe belli*erents ma)be *iven international%ersonalit)

Note :bu a)aff is not a rebel *rou% it is a merebandit *rou%.

Reuisites o! (elli"erenc5 .COS/1. an or&ani3ed civil &overnment that has

control and direction over the armed stru**lelaunched b) the rebels★ a -%rovisional *overnment

4. occupation of a substantial %ortion of thestateKs territor)★ more or less %ermanent occu%ation★ le*itimate *overnment must use su%erior

militar) force to dislod*e the rebels!. seriousness of t$e stru&&le4 which must be so

wides%read thereb) leavin* no doubt as tothe outcome and★ must be so wides%read4 leavin* no doubt

as to the outcome★ 4: ,as t#e CPP'NP) an$ 3ILF co%plie$

it# t#ese con$itions6): N7T BJ!4 there are some indicationsthe) are strivin* to meet the conditions.!he) executed common criminals4 after atrial. It is li,e sa)in* the) have a*overnment

Note !he maintenance of %eace and order4 andadministration of 5ustice4 are constituentfunctions of the *overnment

★ ;am% :buBa,rC$ILF almost had controlof a substantial %ortion of territor)

★ *overnment had to use all its militar)mi*ht and divert its bud*et

★ ;PPNP: sends messa*e that the) areobservin* the Laws of >ar

★ ;a%tured soliders are announced asP7>s had #ed ;ross re%resentatives

#. w illin&ness on the %art of the rebels toobserve the rules and customs of war.

4: EJplain= usin" eJa%ple= reco"nition o! belli"erenc58 99 (ar): #eco*nition of belli*erenc) is the formalac,nowled*ment b) a third %art) of the existenceof a state of war between the central *overnmentand a %ortion of that state. Belli*erenc) existswhen a si+able %ortion of the territor) of a stateis under the effective control of an insur*entcommunit) which is see,in* to establish ase%arate *overnment and the insur*ents are in defacto control of a %ortion of the territor) and%o%ulation4 have a %olitical or*ani+ation4 and are

able to maintain such control and conductthemselves accordin* to the laws of war. Forexam%le4 "reat Britain reco*ni+ed a state ofbelli*erenc) in the Jnited tates durin* the ;ivil>ar.

Conseuences o! Reco"nition o! (elli"erents

1. Before reco*nition as such4 it is thele*itimate *overnment that is res%onsible forthe acts of the rebels affectin* forei*nnationals and their %ro%erties. #ebel*overnment is res%onsible for the acts of therebels affectin* forei*n nationals and%ro%erties

4. Laws and customs of war in conductin* thehostilities must be observed★ Q. cannot execute ca%tured rebels4

considered as P7>s!. From the %oint of view of 3rd tates4 the

effect of reco*nition of belli*erenc) is to %utthem under obli*ation to observe strictneutralit) and abide b) the conseHuences

arisin* from that %osition.★ must observe Laws of Neutralit)★ Q.

1. must abstain from ta,in* %art in thehostilities

2. most acHuiesce to restrictionsim%osed b) the rebels4 such as visitand search of its merchant shi%s

#. #ebels are enem) combatants and accordedthe ri*hts of %risoners of war. and ★ essentiall)4 this means that there are 2

com%etin* *overnments in 1 countr)5. 7n the side of the rebels4 the reco*nition of

belli*erenc) %uts them under res%onsibilit) to

3

rd

tates and to the le*itimate *overnmentfor all their acts which do not conform to thelaws and customs of war.

FOR3S OF RECONITION1. x%ress2. Im%lied

Q. Proclamation b) the le*itimate*overnment of a bloc,ade of %orts held b)the rebels

★ Done b) Lincoln durin* the :merican ;ivil>ar

★ 4: #at about peace talKs6

): N7! im%lied reco*nition. But4circumstances ma) be such as to becomean im%lied reco*nitionQ. @oldin* %each tal,s in a forei*ncountr). #ebels call the forei*n countr)a -neutral state. If a mere insur*enc)4it is a %urel) internal matter 8 no needfor tal,s abroad

TERRITOR OF ST)TES!erritor) Defined;haracteristics of !erritor)


23/89

Notes:

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 20082+

$odes of :cHuisition of !erritor)M1 Dereliction:bandonmentM2 ;essionM3 ;onHuestub5u*ationM


24/89

Notes:


☀ effective occu%ation does notnecessaril) reHuire continuousdis%la) of authorit) in ever) %art ofthe territor) claimed

☀ an occu%ation made is valid onl)with res%ect to and extends onl) tothe area effectivel) occu%ied.

☀ under the -Principle o! E!!ecti&eOccupation4 the followin*doctrines%rinci%les are no lon*era%%licable toda)

a ,interlan$ Doctrine7ccu%ation of coasts results to claimon the unex%lored interior

b Ri"#t o! Conti"uit5ffective occu%ation of a territor)ma,es the %ossessorKs soverei*nt)extend over nei*hborin* territoriesas far as is necessar) for theinte*rit)4 securit) and defense of the

land actuall) occu%ied

Prescription★ acHuisition of territor) b) an averse holdin*

continued throu*h a lon* term of )ears★ derivative mode of acHuisition b) which

territor) belon*in* to 1 tate is transferred tothe soverei*nt) of another tate b) reason ofthe adverse and uninterru%ted %ossessionthereof b) the latter for a sufficientl) lon*%eriod of time

★ 2 RE4UISITESa continuous and undisturbed %ossession☀ 4: #at i! t#ere are clai%s or

protests to t#e States possession6): N7! undisturbedT

b la%se of a %eriod of time☀ No rule as to len*th of time reHuired☀ Ruestion of fact

★ 4: #at is t#e source o! t#is ri"#t6): #oman %rinci%le of -usucapio Mlon*continued use of real %ro%ert) ri%ened intoownershi%

Cession★ a derivative mode of acHuisition b) which

territor) belon*in* to 1 tate is transferred to

the soverei*nt) of another tate inaccordance with an a*reement between them

★ a bilateral a*reement whereb) one tatetransfers soverei*nt) over a definite %ortionof territor) to another tate.*. !reat) of cession Mma)be an outcome of%eaceful ne*otiations 6voluntar)9 or theresult of war6forced9

★ 2 BINDS:1. !otal ;ession- com%rises the entiret) of 1 tateKs

domain

- the cedin* tate is absorbed b) theacHuirin* tate and ceases to exist

- Q. ;ession of Oorea to /a%an under the22 :u*. 11 !reat)

2. Partial ;ession- com%rises onl) a fractional %ortion of the

cedin* tateKs territor)- cession of the Phili%%ine Islands b) %ain

to the J in the !reat) of Paris of 1 Dec.1

- Formsa !reat) of ale Q. M1 ale b) #ussia of :las,a to J

M2 ale b) %ain of ;arolineIslands to "erman)

b Free "iftsQ M1 ;ession of a %ortion of the

@orsehoe #eef in La,erie

b) JO to J

Conuest★ derivative mode of acHuisition whereb) the

territor) of 1 tate is conHuered in the courseof war and thereafter annexed to and %lacedunder the soverei*nt) of the conHuerin* tate

★ the ta,in* %ossession of hostile territor)throu*h militar) force in time of war and b)which the victorious belli*erent com%els theenem) to surrender soverei*nt) of thatterritor) thus occu%ied

★ acHuisition of territor) b) force of arms★ however4 conHuest alone merel) *ives an

inchoate ri*ht acHuisition must be com%letedb) formal act of annexation

★ no lon*er re*arded as lawful★ JN ;harter %rohibits resort to threat or use of

force a*ainst a tateKs territorial inte*rit) or%olitical inde%endence

Conuest is Di!!erent !ro% G3ilitar5 or(elli"erent OccupationH☀ :ct whereb) a militar) commander in the

course of war *ains effective %ossessionof an enem) territor)

☀ B) itself4 does not effect an acHuisitionof territor)

)ccretion★ the increase in the land area of a tate

caused b) the o%eration of the forces ofnature4 or artificiall)4 throu*h human labor

★ )ccessio ce$at principali Maccessor) followsthe %rinci%al is the rule which4 in *eneral4*overns all the forms of accretion.

★ Q. M1 #eclamation %ro5ects in $anila Ba)M2 Polders of the Netherlands

CO3PONENTS OF TERRITORTERRITORI)L DO3)IN★ !he landmass where the %eo%le live

Internal aters


25/89

Notes:


★ !hese are bodies of water within the landboundaries of a tate4 or are closel) lin,ed toits land domain4 such that the) areconsidered as le*all) eHuivalent to nationalland

★ includes ri&ers= laKes an$ lan$-locKe$ seas=canals= an$ polar re"ions.

Ri&ers☀ Bin$s o! Ri&ers

M1 National #ivers

Lie wholl) within 1 tateKs territorialdomain 8 from source to mouth

Belon*s exclusivel) to that tate Q. Pasi* #iver

M2 Boundar) #ivers e%arates 2 Different tates Belon*s to both tates

If river is navi*able 8 the

boundar) line is the middle ofthe navi*able channel -thalwe* If the river is not navi*able 8 the

boundar) line is the midchannel Q. t. Lawrence #iver between J

and ;anada

M3 $ultinational #ivers #uns throu*h several tates Forms %art of the territor) of the

tates throu*h which it %asses Q. ;on*o #iver4 $e,on* #iver

Maters considered internal onl) because of

existence of a historic title4 otherwise4 shouldnot have that charater

☀ Q. Ba) of ;ancale in France

3)RITI3E )ND FLU1I)L DO3)INones o! t#e Sea- >aters ad5acent to the coasts of a tate to a

s%ecified limit

98 Territorial Sea★ com%rises in the mar*inal belt ad5acent

to the land area or the coast andincludes *enerall) the ba)s4 *ulfs andstrai*hts which do not have the characterof $istoric %aters Mwaters that arele*all) %art of the internal waters of thetate

★ %ortion of the o%en sea ad5acent to the

tateKs shores4 over which that tateexercises 5urisdictional control★ Basis 8 necessit) of selfdefense★ ffect 8 territorial su%remac) over the

territorial sea4 exclusive en5o)ment offishin* ri*hts and other coastal ri*hts

★ BJ! ub5ect to the #I"@! 7F INN7;N!P::" Ma forei*n tate ma) exercise itsri&$t of innocent passa&e

★ 4: #en is passa"e innocent6): >hen it is not %re5udicial to the%eace4 *ood order4 or securit) of thecoastal tate

Ri"#t o! Innocent Passa"e

!he ri*ht of continuous and ex%editious navi*ationof a forei*n sho% throu*h a tateKs territorial seafor the %ur%ose of traversin* that sea withoutenterin* the internal waters or callin* at aroadstead or %ort facilit) outside the internalwaters4 or %roceedin* to or from internal watersor a call at such roadstead or %ort facilit)

4: EJplain Innocent Passa"e8 99 (ar): Innocent %assa*e means the ri*ht of continuousand ex%editious navi*ation of a forei*n shi%throu*h the territorial sea of a tate for the%ur%ose of traversin* that sea without enterin*


26/89

Notes:


the internal waters or callin* at a roadstead or%ort facilit) outside internal water or %roceedin*to or from internal waters or a call at suchroadstead or %ort facilit). !he %assa*e is innocentso lon* as it is not %re5udicial to the %eace4 *oodorder or securit) of the coastal tate.

EJtent an$ Li%itations o! Ri"#t o! InnocentPassa"e☀ xtends to :LL shi%s 8 merchant and warshi%s☀ ubmarines must navi*ate on the surface and

show their fla*☀ Nuclear%owered shi%s4 shi%s carr)in* nuclear

and dan*erous substances must carr)documents and observe s%ecial safet)measures

4: En route to t#e tuna !is#in" "roun$s in t#ePaci!ic Ocean= a &essel re"istere$ in Countr5 Tentere$ t#e (alintan" C#annel nort# o! (abu5anIslan$ an$ it# special #ooKs an$ nets $ra""e$up re$ corrals !oun$ near (atanes8 (5

International Con&ention certain corals areprotecte$ species8 7ust be!ore t#e &esselreac#e$ t#e #i"# seas= t#e Coast uar$ patrolintercepte$ t#e &essel an$ seize$ its car"oinclu$in" tuna8 T#e %aster o! t#e &essel an$ t#eoner o! t#e car"o proteste$= clai%in" t#eri"#ts o! transit passa"e an$ innocent passa"e=an$ sou"#t reco&er5 o! t#e car"o an$ t#erelease o! t#e s#ip8 Is t#e clai% %eritorious ornot6 Reason brie!l58 2??0 (ar): !he claim of the master of the vessel and theowner of the car*o is not meritorious. :lthou*htheir claim of transit %assa*e and innocent%assa*e throu*h the Balintan* ;hannel is tenable

under the 12 ;onvention on the Law of the ea4the fact that the) attached s%ecial hoo,s and netsto their vessel which dra**ed u% red corrals isre%rehensible. !he Balintan* ;hannel isconsidered %art of our internal waters and thus iswithin the absolute 5urisdiction of the Phili%%ine*overnment. Bein* so4 no forei*n vessel4merchant or otherwise4 could ex%loit or ex%lorean) of our natural resources in an) manner ofdoin* so without the consent of our *overnment.

4: #at is t#e eJtent o! t#e territorial sea6): 1. Formerl)4 3 nautical miles from the lowwater mar, based on the theor) that this is allthat a tate could defend. !his has been

%racticall) abandoned.

2. 12 ;onvention of the Law of the ea %rovidesthe maximum limit of 12 nautical miles from thebaseline.

4: #at is t#e baseline6): De%ends on the method1. Normal Baseline $ethod☀ !erritorial sea is drawn from the low

water mar,.☀ 4: #at is t#e lo-ater %arK6

): !he line on the shore reached b) thesea at low tide. 7therwise ,nown as the-baseline.

2. trai*ht Baseline $ethod☀ : strai*ht line is drawn across the sea4

from headland to headland4 or from

island to island. !hat strai*ht line thenbecomes the baseline from which theterritorial sea is measured.

☀ 4: #at #appens to t#e aters insi$et#e line6): ;onsidered internal waters. @owever4the baseline must not de%art to an)a%%reciable extent from the *eneraldirection of the coast

☀ 4: #en is t#is use$6): >hen the coastline is dee%l)indented4 or when there is a frin*e ofislands alon* the coast in its immediatevicinit).

Distin"uis# brie!l5 but clearl5 beteen t#eterritorial sea an$ t#e internal aters o! t#eP#ilippines8 2??0 (ar!erritorial water is defined b) historic ri*ht ortreat) limits while internal water is defined b)the archi%ela*o doctrine. !he territorial waters4as defined in the ;onvention on the Law of theea4 has a uniform breadth of 12 miles measuredfrom the lower water mar, of the coast while theoutermost %oints of our archi%ela*o which areconnected with baselines and all waterscom%rised therein are re*arded as internalwaters.

28 Conti"uous one★ +one ad5acent to the territorial sea4 overwhich the coastal tate ma) exercise suchcontrol as is necessar) to

Prevent infrin*ement of its customs4fiscal4 immi*ration or sanitar) lawswithin its territor) or territorial sea

Punish such infrin*ement☀ extends to a maximum of 2< nautical miles

from the baseline from which the territorialsea is measured.

+8 EJclusi&e Econo%ic one☀ a maximum +one of 2 nautical miles from

the baseline from which the territorial sea is

measured4 over which4 the coastal tateexercises soverei*n ri*hts over all theeconomic resources of the sea4 seabed andsubsoil

Ri"#ts o! ot#er States in t#e EEMa Freedom of navi*ation and overfli*htMb Freedom to la) submarine cables and

%i%elinesMc Freedom to en*a*e in other internationall)

lawful uses of the sea related to saidfunctions


27/89

Notes:


Ri"#ts o! Lan$-locKe$ States#i*ht to %artici%ate4 on an eHuitable basis4 in theex%loitation of an a%%ro%riate %art of the sur%lusof the livin* resources of the W of the coastaltates of the same subre*ion or re*ion

Distin"uis# brie!l5 but clearl5 beteen t#e

conti"uous zone an$ eJclusi&e econo%ic zone82??0 (ar!he conti*uous +one is the area which is ,nown asthe %rotective 5urisdiction and starts from 12thnautical mile from low water mar, Mbaseline4while the W is the area which ends at the 2thnautical mile from the baseline. In the latter4 nostate reall) has exclusive ownershi% of it but thestate which has a valid claim on it accordin* tothe JN ;onvention on the Law of the easa*reement has the ri*ht to ex%lore and ex%loit itsnatural resources while in the former the coastalstate ma) exercise the control necessar) to a%revent infrin*ement of its customs4 fiscalimmi*ration or sanitar) re*ulations within its

territor) b %unish infrin*ement of the abovere*ulations within its territor) or territorial sea.

4: Enu%erate t#e ri"#ts o! t#e coastal state int#e eJclusi&e econo%ic zone8 2??


28/89

Notes:


Passa*e onl) for continuous4ex%editious4 and unobstructedtransit between 1 %art of the hi*hseas or an Q to another %art of thehi*h seas or an W

4: #at i! none are $esi"nate$6): #i*ht of archi%ela*ic sealane

%assa*e ma) still be exercisedthrou*h the routes normall) used forinternational navi*ation

!he Phili%%ines adheres to the:rchi%ela*ic Doctrine 8 :rt. I4 10;onstitution-!he waters around4 between4 andconnectin* the islands of thearchi%ela*o4 re*ardless of their breadthand dimensions4 form %art of the internalwaters of the Phili%%ines.

:lso embodied in the 12 ;onvention ofthe Law of the ea4 :rt.


29/89

Notes:


an act committed on the hi*h seas b) forei*nerson board forei*n vessels whose fla* state hasexclusive 5urisdiction as re*ards such acts. !hedis%ute was referred b) a*reement to thePermanent ;ourt of International /ustice whichheld in a s%lit decision that !ur,e) had -not actedin conflict with the %rinci%les of International

Law4 because the act committed %roducedaffects on board the Bo+ Oourt under !ur,ish fla*4and thus on !ur,ish territor). !he %rinci%le thatvessels on the hi*h seas are sub5ect to noauthorit) exce%t that the fla* tate whose fla*the) fl) was thus affirmed.

N7! /ustice /or*e ;oHuia4 in his boo, however4o%ined that the rulin* in the Lotus case is nolon*er controllin* in view of :rt. 0 of the JN;onvention on the Law of the ea which %rovidesthat in the event of collision or an) other incidentof navi*ation concernin* a shi% on the hi*h seas4involvin* the %enal or disci%linar) res%onsibilit) ofthe master or an) other %erson in the service of

the shi%4 the %enal or disci%linar) %roceedin*sma) be instituted onl) before tate of which such%erson is a national. For this %ur%ose4 no arrestor detention of the shi%4 even as a measure ofnavi*ation shall be ordered b) the authoritiesother than those of the fla* state.

Free$o% o! Na&i"ationthe ri*ht to sail shi%s on the seas which is o%en toall tates and landloc,ed countries

eneral Rule: vessels sailin* on the hi*h seas aresub5ect onl) to international law and the laws ofthe fla* state

EJceptions: a forei&n merc$ant s$ipsviolatin* the laws of the coastal tate b%irate shi%s c slave trade shi%s d an) shi%en*a*ed in unauthori+ed broadcastin* and eshi%s without nationalit)4 or fl)in* a false fla*or refusin* to show its fla*.

Fla" Statethe tate whose nationalit) Mshi%Ks re*istrationthe shi% %ossesses= for it is nationalit) which *ivesthe ri*ht to fl) a countr)Ks fla*

Fla"s o! Con&enience 8re*istration of an) shi% in return for a %a)ment

fee

4: Distin"uis# brie!l5 but clearl5 beteen t#e!la" state an$ t#e !la" o! con&enience8 2??0(ar): Fla* state means a shi% has the nationalit) ofthe fla* state it flies4 but there must be a *enuinelin, between the state and the shi%. /0rticle 71 of t$e (onvention of t$e )a% of t$e Sea.6 Fla* ofconvenience refers to a state with which a vesselis re*istered for various reasons such as low ornonexistent taxation or low o%eratin* costsalthou*h the shi% has no *enuine lin, with that

state. /8arris (ases and 9aterilas on:nternational )a% 5t$ ed. 177; p. #45.6

)ERI)L DO3)IN★ the airs%ace above the territorial and

maritime domains of the tate4 to the limitsof the atmos%here

★ does not include the outer s%ace

98 )ir Space★ the air s%ace above the tateKs terrestrial and

maritime territor)★ -Gver) tate has com%lete and exclusive

soverei*nt) over the air s%ace above itsterritor)

★ ;onvention on International ;ivil :viation8-!erritor) 8 includes terrestrial andmaritime territor)

★ thus4 includes air s%ace above territorial sea★ N7! N7 ri*ht of innocent %assa*eT★ the air s%ace above the hi*h seas is o%en to

all aircraft4 5ust as the hi*h seas is accessible

to shi%s of all tates- the tate whose aerial s%ace is violated

can ta,e measures to %rotect itself4 butit does not mean that tates have anunlimited ri*ht to attac, the intrudin*aircraft Mintrudin* aircraft can beordered either to leave the tateKs airs%ace or to land

4: #at are t#e < air !ree$o%s6):

Ma overfli*ht without landin*Mb landin* for nontraffic %ur%osesMc %ut down traffic from state to airline

Md embar, traffic destined for state ofaircraft andMe embar, traffic or %ut down traffic to or

from a third state

2. Outer Space res commones★ the s%ace be)ond the airs%ace surroundin*

the earth or be)ond the national airs%ace4which is com%letel) be)ond the soverei*nt)of an) tate

★ the moon and the other celestial bodies form%art of the outer s%ace M$oon !reat) of 10

★ thus4 it is not sub5ect to nationala%%ro%riation

★ free for all ex%loration and use b) all tates

and cannot be annexed b) an) tate★ *overned b) a re*ime similar to that of the

hi*h seas

Treat5 on Principles o&ernin" t#e )cti&ities o! States in t#e EJploration an$ Use o! Outer SpaceOuter Space Treat5☀ 7uter %ace is free for ex%loration and use b)

tates☀ ;annot be annexed b) an) tate☀ Its use and ex%loration must be carried out

for the benefit of all countries and inaccordance with international law


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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2008+?

☀ ;elestial bodies shall be used exclusivel) for%eaceful %ur%oses

☀ Nuclear wea%ons and wea%ons of massdestruction shall not be %laced in orbitaround the earth

4: #at is t#e boun$ar5 beteen t#e air space

an$ t#e outer space6): No acce%ted answer )etT !here are differento%inions1. !hat it should be near the lowest altitude

M%eri*ee at which artificial earth satellitescan remain in orbit without bein* destro)edb) friction with the air around 1 ,m fromearthKs surface

2. !heoretical limit of air fli*hts is ,m abovethe earth

3. Functional :%%roach !he le*al re*ime *overnin* s%ace

activities are based4 not on a boundar)

line4 but on the nature of the activities

4: #at is outer space6 #o or #ic# caneJercise uris$iction o&er astronauts #ile inouter space6 2??+ (ar): !here are several schools of thou*ht re*ardin*the determination of outer s%ace4 such as thelimit of air fli*ht4 the hei*ht of atmos%herics%ace4 infinit)4 the lowest altitude of an artificialsatellite4 and an altitude a%%roximatin*aerod)namic lift. :nother school of thou*ht%roceeds b) analo*) to the law of the sea. It%ro%oses that a tate should exercise fullsoverei*nt) u% to the hei*ht to which an aircraft

can ascend. Nonmilitant fli*ht instrumentalitiesshould be allowed over a second area4 aconti*uous +one of 3 miles. 7ver that should beouter s%ace. !he boundar) between airs%ace andouter s%ace has not )et been defined. M@arris4;ases and $aterials on International Law4 = th d.4%%. 2=12=3 Jnder :rticle of the !reat) on thePrinci%les "overnin* the :ctivities of tates in thex%loration and Jse of 7uter %ace4 Includin* the$oon and 7ther ;elestial Bodies4 a tate on whosere*istr) an ob5ect launched into outer s%aceretains 5urisdiction over the astronauts while the)are in outer s%ace.

)lternati&e ): 7uter s%ace is the s%ace be)ond

the airs%ace surroundin* the arth or be)ond thenational airs%ace. In law4 the boundar) betweenouter s%ace and airs%ace has remainedundetermined. But in theor)4 this has beenestimated to be between to ,ilometers.7uter s%ace in this estimate be*ins from thelowest altitude an artificial satellite can remain inorbit. Jnder the 3oon Treat5 o! 9A4 the moonand the other celestial bodies form %art of outers%ace.

In outer s%ace4 the s%ace satellites or ob5ects areunder the 5urisdiction of tates of re*istr) which

covers astronauts and cosmonauts. !his matter iscovered b) the #e*istration of 7b5ects in %ace;onvention of 10< and the Liabilit) for Dama*e;aused b) %aced 7b5ects ;onvention of 102.

4: 3a5 t#e US) la5 eJclusi&e clai% o&er t#e%oon= #a&in" eJplore$ it an$ #a&in" plante$

#er !la" t#erein to t#e eJclusion o! ot#er states6EJplain8 9A (ar): No4 because the outer s%ace and celestialbodies found therein includin* the moon are notsusce%tible to the national a%%ro%riation butle*all) re*arded as res communes.

T,E UNITED N)TIONS

!he Jnited NationsFormation of the Jnited NationsPur%ose of Jnited NationsPrinci%les of Jnited Nations$embershi%Princi%al 7r*ansPrivile*es and Immunities of the Jnited Nations

&'('&

T,E UNITED N)TIONSIt is an international or*ani+ation created at thean Francisco ;onference which was held in theJnited tates from :%ril 2= to /une 2E4 1


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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2008+9

2. !o develo% friendl) relations amon* nations3. !o achieve international coo%eration in

solvin* international economic4 social4cultural and humanitarian %roblems


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time in the different or*ans or committees of the7r*ani+ation.

@owever4 each dele*ation is entitled onl) to onevote in the decisions to be made b) the ":.

) Sessions

1. Re&ular sessions 8 ever) )ear be*innin* thethird !uesda) of e%tember.2. Special sessions 8 ma) be called at the

reHuest of the ;4 a ma5orit) of the memberstates4 or one member with the concurrenceof the ma5orit).

3. Emer&ency special session 8 ma) be calledwithin 2< hours at the reHuest of the ; b)vote of an) members or b) a ma5orit) of themembers of the JN.

So%e I%portant Functions o! t#e )1. Deliberative 8 discuss %rinci%les re*ardin*

maintenance of international %eace andsecurit) and ma) ta,e a%%ro%riate measures

toward this end.2. u%ervisor) 8 receives and considers re%orts

from the other or*ans of the JN.3. lective 8 im%ortant votin* functions are also

vested in the ":4 such as the election of thenon%ermanent members of the ;4 somemembers of the !; and all the members ofthe ;4 and with the ; selects the 5ud*es ofthe I;/ also %artici%ates in the amendmentof the ;harter.


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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2008++

1. to recommend to the "eneral :ssembl) thea%%ointment of the ecretar)"eneral and4to*ether with the :ssembl)4 to elect the/ud*es of the International ;ourt of /ustice.

SC Co%position;om%osed of 1= members4 = of which are

%ermanent. !he socalled Bi* Five are ;hina4France4 the uro%ean Jnion4 the Jnited Oin*dom4and the Jnited tates.

!he other ten members are elected for 2)earterms b) the ":4 = from the :frican and :sianstates4 1 from astern uro%ean states4 2 fromLatin :merican states4 and 2 from >esternuro%ean and other states. !heir terms havebeen so sta**ered as to %rovide for the retirementof Z of them ever) )ear.

!hese members are not eli*ible for immediate reelection.

;hairmanshi% of the ; is rotated monthl) on thebasis of the n*lish al%habetical order of thenames of the members.

SC Sessions!he ; is reHuired to function continuously and tohold itself in readiness in case of threat to oractual breach of international %eace. For this%ur%ose4 all members should be re%resented at alltimes at the seat of the 7r*ani+ation.

SC 1otin" Rulesach member of the ; has 1 vote4 but distinction

is made between the %ermanent and the non%ermanent members in the decision of substantiveHuestions.

%alta 'oting (ormulaa. Procedural matters 8 votes of any of ;membersb. Substantive matters 8 votes includin* =%ermanent votes.

No member4 %ermanent or not4 is allowed to voteon Huestions concernin* the %acific settlement ofa dis%ute to which it is a %art).

Rule o! reat-Poer Unani%it5 a ne*ative vote

b) an) %ermanent member on a non%roceduralmatter4 often referred to as -veto4 meansre5ection of the draft resolution or %ro%osal4 evenif it has received affirmative votes. 0bstention or absence of a member is notre*arded as veto

Proce$ural an$ Substanti&e 3attersDistin"uis#e$Procedural matters includea. Huestions relatin* to the or*ani+ation andmeetin*s of the ;ouncilb. the establishment of subsidiar) or*ans and

c. the %artici%ation of states %arties to a dis%utein the discussion of the ;.

ubstantial matters include those that ma)reHuire the ; under its res%onsibilit) ofmaintainin* or restorin* world %eace to invo,emeasures of enforcement.

What is the role of a )em*er of the +N *ut nota mem*er of the "ecurity #ouncil,:lthou*h not a member of the ;4 it ma)%artici%ate Mwithout vote in the discussion of an)Huestion before the ;ouncil %$enever t$e latter feels t$at t$e interests of t$at member arespecially affected. uch member is li,ewise tobe invited b) the ;ouncil to %artici%ate Mwithoutvotein the discussion of an) dis%ute to which the$ember is a %art).

4: Loolapalooza con$ucte$ ille"al in&asion an$conuest a"ainst 3oooJaJa8 T#e UN Securit5Council calle$ !or en!orce%ent action a"ainst

Loolapalooza8 Does en!orce%ent action inclu$esen$in" o! !i"#tin" troops6): N7. ;om%liance with the resolution callin* forenforcement action does not necessaril) call forthe sendin* of fi*htin* troo%s. !here must be as%ecial a*reement with the ; before sendin* offi*htin* troo%s ma) be had and such a*reementshall *overn the numbers and t)%es of forces4their de*ree of readiness and *eneral locations4and the nature of the facilities and assistance tobe su%%lied b) JN members.

International Court o! 7ustice

International ;ourt of /ustice;om%ositionRualifications/urisdictionFunctions of International ;ourt of /usticeProcedure

&'('&

International Court o! 7ustice!he International ;ourt of /ustice is the %rinci%al5udicial or*an of the Jnited Nations. Its seat is atthe Peace Palace in !he @a*ue MNetherlands. Itbe*an wor, in 1


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seats4 and retirin* 5ud*es ma) be reelected. !he$embers of the ;ourt do not re%resent their*overnments but are inde%endent ma*istrates.

4U)LIFICI)TIONS OF 7UDES1. !he) must be of hi*h moral character4. Possess the Hualifications reHuired in

their res%ective countries for a%%ointment tothe hi*hest 5udicial office or are jurists ofreco*ni+ed com%etence in international lawand

!. :s much as %ossible4 the) must re%resentthe main forms of civili+ation and the%rinci%al le*al s)stems of the world.

>hen the ;ourt does not include a 5ud*e%ossessin* the nationalit) of a tate %art) to acase4 that tate ma) a%%oint a %erson to sit as a5ud*e ad hoc for the %ur%ose of the case.

IC7 7uris$iction!he ;ourt is com%etent to entertain a dis%ute

onl) if the tates concerned have acce%ted its5urisdiction in one or more of the followin* wa)sa. b) the conclusion between them of a s%ecial

a*reement to submit the dis%ute to the;ourt

b. b) virtue of a 5urisdictional clause4 i.e.4t)%icall)4 when the) are %arties to a treat)containin* a %rovision whereb)4 in the eventof a disa*reement over its inter%retation ora%%lication4 one of them ma) refer thedis%ute to the ;ourt. everal hundred treatiesor conventions contain a clause to sucheffect or

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