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CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Personal Details

Name: Gustavo Atilio Crespi

Date of birth: 25-04-67, Cordoba, Argentina

Nationality: Italian, Argentinean

Languages: Spanish, English

Contact Address: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

1300 New York Avenue N.W.

Washington DC, 20577

USA

e-mail: gcrespi@iadb.org

2. Education

2010 Kennedy School of Government, Executive Education Program: “The Cutting

Edge of Development Thinking”, Harvard University. Program Director(s):

Ricardo Hausman and Dany Rodrik.

2010 Kennedy School of Government, Executive Education Program: “Science and

Technology for Development”, Harvard University. Program Director(s):

Calestus Juma.

2005 Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University of Sussex.

Dphil in Science and Technology Policy Studies

1995 School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Chile. Ms in

Economic Growth and International Trade.

1990 School of Economics and Business, National University of Cordoba (UNC),

Argentina. Bachelor in Economics

3. Employment History 1990 onwards

2013-XX: Principal Science and Technology Specialist, Competitiveness and Innovation

Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington DC, USA.

2009-12: Lead Science and Technology Specialist, Competitiveness and Innovation Division,

Inter-American Development Bank, Washington DC, USA.

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2006-09: Senior Program Officer, Innovation, Technology and Society (ITS) Program

Initiative; Innovation, Policy and Science Area (IPS); International Development

Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada.

2004-06: Research Fellow. Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University

of Sussex

2004-05: Senior Research Officer. Centre for Research into Business Activity (CeRiBA),

Queen Mary and Westfield College (QMW), University of London.

2003-04 : Consultant. Employment Strategy Department, International Labour Office (ILO),

Geneva, Switzerland.

2002-03: Research Officer. Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University

of Sussex, UK.

1995-02: Consultant. Production, Productivity and Management Division. Economic

Commission for Latin America and Caribe, United Nations.

1995-00: Lecturer. Departments of Economics, University of Chile.

1992-93: Cabinet Adviser. Province of Catamarca, Argentina

1990-91 Research Assistant. Institute of Economics, National University of Córdoba,

Argentina (UNC), Argentina.

3.1 Research Interests

(-) Industrial Organisation; Technological Change, Industry Structure and Firm

Growth.

(-) Management and Evaluation of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies with

special focus on Latin America and the Caribbean.

(-) Applied Microeconometrics

4. Publications

(a) Journal Articles

(a.1) International Journals (with peer review)

1) Gustavo Crespi, Alessandro Maffioli, Marcela Melendez & Lucas Figal, 2015, “Long Term

Productivity Effects of Public Support to Innovation in Colombia”, Emerging Markets Finance and

Trade,

2) Gustavo Crespi and Roberto Alvarez, 2015, “Heterogeneous Effects of Financial Constraints on

Innovation: Evidene from Chile”, Science and Public Policy 02/2015; 42(5). DOI:10.1093/scipol/scu091 ·

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;

3) Gustavo Crespi & Elena Arias-Ortiz & Ezequiel Tacsir & Fernando Vargas & Pluvia Zuñiga, 2014.

"Innovation for economic performance: the case of Latin American firms," Eurasian Business

Review, Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 4(1), pages 31-50, June.

4) Gustavo Crespi & Pluvia Zuñiga, 2013. "Innovation Strategies and Employment in Latin

American Firms," IDB Publications 63978, Inter-American Development Bank (Structural Change

and Economic Dynamics 24, 1-17).

5) Jose Miguel Benavente & Gustavo Crespi & Lucas Figal Garone & Alessandro Maffioli, 2012. "The

Impact of National Research Funds: A Regression Discontinuity Approach to the Chilean

FONDECYT," Working Papers wp356, University of Chile, Department of Economics.

(forthcoming Research Policy)

6) Crespi, Gustavo & Zuniga, Pluvia, 2012. "Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from

Six Latin American Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(2), pages 273-290

7) Crespi, Gustavo & D'Este, Pablo & Fontana, Roberto & Geuna, Aldo, 2011. "The impact of

academic patenting on university research and its transfer," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol.

40(1), pages 55-68, February.

8) Crespi. G. (2010), “Catching Up with the Global Frontier – micro-level evidence on Growth

and Convergence”, Forthcoming Industrial and Corporate Change (with Leonardo Iacovone).

9) Crespi. G. (2010), “Should universities own patents for efficient knowledge transfer?.

Economics of Innovation and New Technologies Vol 19 No 7, 627-648 (with Aldo Geuna

and Bart Verspagen).

10) Crespi, G. (2010), “The impact of academic patenting on university research and its transfer”,

Research Policy, 40, 55-68 (with Pablo D’Este, Roberto Fontana and Aldo Geuna).

11) Crespi. G. (2010), “The European University Lanscape: a micro characterization based on

evidence from the Aquameth Project”, forthcoming Research Policy (with several authors).

12) Crespi, G. (2010, “Economic Crisis and Organizational Change in Developing Countries:

evidence from Chile”, International Journal Technological Learning, Innovation and

Development, Vol.3. No1, 2010 (with Roberto Alvarez and JM Benavente).

13) Crespi, G., (2008), “An empirical study of scientific production: A cross country analysis,

1981 – 2002”, Research Policy, 37, 565 -579 (with Aldo Geuna).

14) Crespi, G., (2008). “Productivity, Exporting and the Learning-By-Exporting Hypothesis:

Direct Evidence from UK firm”. Canadian Journal of Economics Vol 41 No 2. pp 619 – 638

(with Criscuolo, C and J. Haskel).

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15) Crespi, G. (2007). “Multinationals firms and productivity catching-up: the case of Chilean

manufacturing”, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and

Development 2007-Vol. 1, No.2, pp 136-152 (with R. Alvarez).

16) Crespi, G. (2007). “Inventors and invention process in Europe: Results from the PatVal

survey. Research Policy 36, 1107-1127 (with Paola Giuri, Myriam Mariani, Stefano Brusoni,

Dominque Francoz, Alfonso Gambardella, Walter Garcia-Fontes, Aldo Geuna, Raul

Gonzales, Dietmar Harhoff, Karin Hoisl, Chistian Le Bas, Alessandra Luzzi, Laura

Magazzini, Lionel Nesta, Onder Nomaler, New Palomeras, Pari Patel, Maria Romanelli and

Bart Verspagen).

17) Crespi, G., (2006). “Measuring and Understanding Productivity in UK Market Services”.

Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol 22, No 4, pp 560-572 (with Criscuolo, C., J. Haskel

and D. Hawkes).

18) Crespi, G. (2006): “The mobility of university inventors in Europe”, Journal of Technology

Transfer, Vol 32 (3), pages 195-215 (with L.Nesta and A. Geuna).

19) Crespi, G. (2006). “The productivity of UK universities”, forthcoming in Conferences on

New Political Economy, Vol 24 (with A. Geuna).

20) Crespi, G. (2004). “Book Review: Innovation and Knowledge creation in an open economy.

Canadian Industry and International Implications”, Technovation 24, 513-515, Elsevier,

21) Crespi, G. (2003). “Determinants of Technical Efficiency in Small Firms: Evidence from the

Chilean Manufacturing Industry”. Small Business Economics Journal ,20, 233-244 (with R.

Alvarez)

22) Crespi, G. (2002). “The Impact of Licenses on a “Late Starter” LDC:Chile in the 1990s”.

World Development, August, Vol. 30, No 8, 1445-1460 (with R Alvarez and J Ramos)

23) Crespi, G. (1997). “New Opportunities for Industrial Development”. Oxford Development

Studies, October, Vol. 25, No 3,261-279 (with J. Benavente, J. Katz and G. Stumpo)

(a.2) Latin-American and Regional Journals (with peer review)

24) Crespi, G. (2001). “La Importancia Relativa the las Pequeñas y Medianas Emprersas: Un

análisis de sus determinantes en la industria manufacturera (The Presence of Small and

Medium Size Firms: An Analysis of Its Determinants in the Chilean Manufacturing Industry.

With English summary)”. Cuadernos de Economía, December, Vol 38, No 115, 347-365

(with R. Alvarez) .

25) Crespi, G. (2000). “Efecto de las Políticas de Fomento en el Dinamismo Exportador Chileno

(Evaluating the impact of enhancement policies on the Chilean exports dynamics.With

English summary)”. El Trimestre Económico, Oct – Dec, Vol 67, No 4, 557-77 (with R.

Alvarez).

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26) Crespi, G. (2000). “Exporter Performance and Promotion Instruments: Chilean Empirical

Evidence”, Estudios de Economía, Vol 27, No 2, 225-41 (with R. Alvarez)

27) Crespi, G (1999), “R&D Expenditure, Market Structure and “Technological Regimes in

Chilean Manufacturing Industry”, Estudios de Economía, Vol 26, No2, December, 163-186

(with J. Katz)

28) Crespi, G (1996). “Changes in the Industrial Development of Latin America“. Cepal Review

Nº 60, December, 49-72 (with J. Benavente, J, Katz and G.Stumpo).

29) Crespi, G (1996).“The Chilean National System of Innovation”. Estudios de Economía, Vol

23, No 2, December, 223-54 (with J. Benavente)

30) Crespi, G (1995). “Towards a Theoretical Approach to National Systems of Innovation”.

Estudios de Economía, Vol. 22, No 2, December, 243-76 (with J Benavente)

(b) Books and Major Monographs

1) Crespi G. (2014), Science, Technology and Innovation Policies for Development. The Latin

American Experience, Springer, with G.Dutrenit.

2) Crespi, G (2014). Rethinking Productive Development, Sound Policies and Institutions for Productive Transformation, Springer, with E. Fernandez-Arias and E.Stein

3) Crespi, G. (2007), “The UK Knowledge Production Function” in Universities and Strategic

Knowledge Creation. Specialization and Performance in Europe by A. Bonaccorsi and C.

Daraio, Prime Series on Research and Innovation Policy in Europe, Edward Elgar,

Cheltenham, UK – Northampton, MA, USA

4) Crespi, G. (2007), “Modelling and Measuring Scientific Production: A Frist estimation for a

panel of OECD countries” in Perspectives on the Economics of Innovation edited by S.

Brusoni and F. Malerba, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (with A. Geuna)

5) Crespi, G. (2006), “La Dinámica Empresarial de los Comercios en Chile”, Fundes y Cámara

de Comercio de Chile, Santiago.

6) Crespi, G. (2003), “Pyme en Chile: Nace, Crece y …..Muere”, Fundes Internacional,

Santiago, Chile, with prologue by Juan José Listerri, 147 p.

7) Crespi, G. (2002), “Desarrollo se Escribe con PyME: El Caso Chileno”, ECLAC,

Universidad de Chile, Fundes with prologue by Jorge Katz 160 p (with D.Bravo and I.

Gutierrez).

8) Crespi, G (2001), “ The Chilean Industrialisation Process during the Import Substitution”.

Chapter 3 in “An Economic History of Twentieth Century Latin America, Vol 3,

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Industrialisation and the State in Latin America: The Post War years” edited by Enrique

Cardenas, Jose Antonio Ocampo and Rosemary Thorpe, St. Antony's Series. Houndmills,

U.K. and New York: Palgrave in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 350 p.(with

Benavente, J, R. Ffrench-Davis and O. Munoz

9) Crespi, G. (2000), “Evaluación de Impacto en Formación Empresarial: El Caso Fundes”,

McGraw Hill/Interamericana de Chile Ltda, Santiago, Chile, with prologue by James

Heckman, 180 p (with Bravo, D. and D. Contreras)

10) Crespi, G (1997). “New Opportunities for Industrial Development”en Empresas

Transnacionales (Editorial Alianza), 280 p (with Benavente, J, J. Katz and G. Stumpo)

(c) Other Publications and Working Papers not published on journals

1) Crespi G. (2014). "Innovation and productivity in services: Empirical evidence from Latin

America," MERIT Working Papers 069, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and

Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) (with E. Tacsir and F. Vargas)

2) Crespi G (2014). "Innovation dynamics and productivity : evidence for Latin America," MERIT

Working Papers092, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute

on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) (with E.Tacsir and F Vargas)

3) Crespi, G. (2013):”Innovation for Economic Performance: The Case of Latin American and

Caribbean Firms”, IFD-IDB, Technical Note IFD-TN-494 (with E. Arias, E. Tacsir and

F.Vargas).

4) Crespi, G. (2013):”Effects of Innovation on Employment in Latin America”, IFD-IDB,

Technical Note, IDB-TN-496 (with E. Tacsir).

5) Crespi, G. (2013):”Effects of Innovation on Employment in Latin America”, UNU-MERIT

Working Paper Series, #2013-001 (with E. Tacsir).

6) Crespi, G. (2010): “Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin-American

Countries”, IDB Working Paper Series IDP-WP-218 (with P. Zuniga).

7) Crespi, G. (2008): “Productivity Growth, Knowledge Flows and Spillovers”, National

Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 13959, April, Cambridge, MA.

8) Crespi, G. (2007): “Public Support to Firm-Level Innovation: An evaluation of the FONTEC

Program”, Working Paper: OVE/WP-05/07, IDB, Washington DC.

9) Crespi, G. (2007): “The Impact of National Research Funds: An Evaluation of the Chilean

Fondecyt”, Working Paper, OVE WP 03-07, IDB, Washington DC.

10) Crespi. G. (2007):”Multinational Firms and Productivity Catching-Up: The case of Chilean

Manufacturing”, Central Bank of Chile Working Paper, No 429, October.

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11) Crespi, G (2007): “University IPRs and Knowledge Transfer. Is the IPR ownership model

more efficient? SPRU Electronic Working Paper SEWP 154, University of Sussex, UK, 33 p

(with A. Geuna and B. Verspagen)

12) Crespi, G (2006). “Labour Mobility of Academic Inventors. Career decisions and knowledge

transfer”. Series: European Forum, EUI Working Papers, RSCAS No 2006/06 (with , A.

Geuna and L. Nesta).

13) Crespi, G. (2004).”Imputation, estimation and prediction using the Key Indicators of the

Labour Market (KILM) data set”. Employment Strategy Papers 2005/16. Employment

Trends Unit. Employment Strategy Department. International Labour Office, Geneva.

14) Crespi, G (2003). “The Impact of an Associative Strategy (the PROFO Program) on Small

and Medium Enterprises in Chile.” SPRU Electronic Working Paper SEWP88, University of

Sussex, UK , 30 p (with J Benavente)

15) Crespi, G. (2002). “Industrialisation and the Role of Competitive Advantages: A Micro

Level Analysis on the Determinants of Chilean Plant Efficiency”, Quaderni del

Dipartimento n. 29, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara.45 p.(with T. Ciarli)

16) Crespi, G. (1999). “Impact of Export Policies in Chile”. Working Paper Nº 3. Center on

International Economics and Development. 20 p (with R Alvarez)

17) Crespi, G (1997). "Research on the growth of saving in Chile”. Working Paper R-309,

InterAmerican Development Bank. 25 p.(with M.Agosin and L. Letelier)

18) Crespi, G. (1994)."Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round.An Evaluation and Issues

for de Future", published in International Monetary and Financial Issues for the 1990s,

United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCATD), Volume VI, Geneva. 35 p

(with M Agosin and L. Letelier).

(d) Reports

1) Crespi, G. (2005): DTI Think Piece, Creativity and Design Study for DTI using the

Community Innovation Survey, Queen Mary, University of London, University of Sussex,

OECD and AIM/Queen Mary, University of London in DTI Economics Paper Number 15:

Creativity, Design and Business Performance (with M. Cereda, C. Criscoulo and J. Haskel).

2) Crespi. G. (2004): The Productivity of Science. Report prepared for the Office of Science and

Technology (OST), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (with A. Geuna).

3) Crespi, G (2003): Assessing the economic contribution of Physics and Engineering Sciences

to UK Economic Growth. A Report Commissioned by the EPSRC (with P. Patel).

4) Crespi, G, (2003): Analysing business attitudes to R&D in Scotland. A Report Commissioned

by the Scottish Executive (with P. Patel and N.V. Tunzelmann)

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5) Crespi, G (2002): PatVal Project, Pilot Phases (with Brusoni, S, A. Geuna and L. Nesta).

6) Crespi, G, (2002): An Analysis of ESRC Research Funding Impact: A Feasibility Study. A

Report commissioned by the ESRC (with A. Geuna, J. Gristock and P. Patel).

7) Crespi, G (2000): Prospective Analysis of IT impacts in Chile. Prepared for the Ministry of

Infrastructure and Transport of Chile (with J. Rivera.)

8) Crespi, G (2000)“Cost-Benefit Analysis of Technology Innovation Program”. Prepared for

Ministry of Economics of Chile (with T. Rau)

9) Crespi, G.(2000) “Competitive Analysis of Argentinean Provinces”. Prepared for the

Planning Secretary of Province of Catamarca, Argentina (with R Alvarez).

10) Crespi, G. (1999)“The Evaluation of the Impact of FATINTERNET Program in SME”

prepared for the Ministry of Economics of Chile.

11) Crespi, G (1998) “Measuring the competitiveness of SME”, Prepared for the Ministry of

Economics of Chile (with R, Munoz).

12) Crespi, G (1997) ”The Evaluation of Impact of FAT Program on SME” prepared for the

Ministry of Economics of Chile (with J Benavente and R. Munoz)

13) Crespi, G (1997) “The Evaluation of Impact of PROFO Program on SME”. Prepared for the

Ministry of Economics of Chile (1997) (with J Benavente)

5. Research Contract

1) EU-DG Enterprise (2006), “Sectoral Innovation Systems in Europe: Monitoring,

Analysing Trends and Identifying Challenges” (Senior Officer).

2) EU-IPTES (2006), “Future data requirements of ERAWATCH base load inventory:

Feasibility on R&D specialisation” (Senior Officer).

3) EU-IPTS (2005), “Changes in University Incomes and their Impact on University

based research and innovations” (CHINC) (Main Researcher).

4) ONS/DTI (2004), “The Productivity of Science: An International and UK based

analysis” (Senior Officer)

5) Scottish Executive (2004), “The determinants of business attitudes to R&D in

Scotland” (Research Assistant)

6) EPSRC (2003), “The economic contribution of Physics and Engineering Sciences to

UK Economic Growth” (Research Assistant)

7) EC (2002), “The Value of European Patents” (PatVal) (Research Assistant)

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8) ESRC (2002) “Analysis of ESRC Research Funding Impact: A Feasibility

Study”.(Senior Officer)

9) Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport of Chile, “Using Input-Output techniques to

predict the impact of IT technologies in Chile.(2000)”.(Main Researcher)

10) Ministry of Economics of Chile (2000), “Cost-benefit Analysis to estimate the social

returns of the Technology Innovation Program” (Main Researcher)

11) Secretary of Planning, Province of Catamarca, Argentina (2000), “Using the

competitiveness index methodology to assess the relative efficiency of Argentinean

Provinces”. (Main Researcher)

12) Ministry of Economics of Chile, Co-ordinator, using experimental techniques and

control groups to evaluate the Impact of FATINTERNET Program in SME (1999)

(Main Researcher).

13) Ministry of Economics of Chile, applying Data Envelopment Analysis to assess the

productivity Chilean SMEs firms. (1998) (Main Researcher).

14) National Department of Planning, Colombia, Junior Researcher, assisting the

National Department of Planning of Colombia in collecting The First Colombian

Survey of Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector (1998) (Main Researcher).

15) Ministry of Economics of Chile, senior researcher, using quasi-experimental

techniques to evaluate the impact of FAT Program on SME (1997) (Main

Researcher)

16) Ministry of Economics of Chile, senior researcher, using quasi-experimental

techniques to evaluate the impact of PROFO program on SME (1997) (Main

Researcher)

6. Other activities

6.1. Conference and Seminar Papers (last five years only)

1) 2008 – “Ex- Post Evaluation of Science and Technology Policies in Latin America: The

Quasi-Experimental Method”, FINCYT National Conference, Lima, October.

2) 2008 – “Innovation and Development. Innovation Policy in Latin America: Toward a

systemic approach”, presented at the International Globelics Conference, Mexico, September.

3) 2008 – “University – Industry for innovation in National Innovation Systems: elements for a

debate”, presented at the Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Buenos

Aires, August.

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4) 2007- “Measuring Innovation in Latin America: What we did, where we are and what we

should do”, presented at the “Micro evidence of Innovation in Developing Countries-MEIDE

Conference”, Maastricht, May.

5) 2006- “Information technology, organisational change and productivity growth. Evidence

from the UK firms”, presented at the Royal Economic Society conference, Nottingham,

April.

6) 2005- “IT investment, organisational change and productivity growth””, presented at the

seminar The Economic Impact of ICT: firms, industry and the macroeconomy, LBS, London,

UK, July 1st.

7) 2005- “IT investment, organisational change and productivity growth””, presented at the

seminar Globalisation and Firm level adjustment, GEP, University of Nottingham, UK, June

24-25.

8) 2005- “Firm productivity and heterogeneity in Chile”, presented at the seminar The Impact of

Trade Liberalisation on firm level structural adjustment and poverty, University of Sussex,

Brighton, UK, March, 10-12

9) 2004- “The Productivity of Science: An International Analysis “, presented at the 2004 Druid

Summer Conference, Elsinore, Denmark, June 16-19.

10) 2004- “Productivity Growth in Latin America: Vintage, Selection and Learning Effects in

Chilean Manufacturing”, presented at the 11th

Annual CCC Doctoral Colloquium, Goizueta

Business School, Emory University, Altanta, Georgia, April 24-25.

11) 2004- “Impact Evaluation of Profo Program”, Conference on Governance, Institutions and

Local Development, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy, 3-4 June.

12) 2002- “Evaluating Industrial Modernisation Programs: What we have learned from the Profo

Experience”, presented at the Research Methods Seminar/ Spru/University of Sussex.

13) 2001- “Impact Evaluation of Profo Program”, accepted at the European Econometric Society

Meeting, Lussanne, Switzerland.

14) 2001- “Evaluating Training Programs for Small-Scale Entrepeneurs: A Pilot Study",

Thirteenth Annual Inter-American Seminar on Economics, National Bureau of Economic

Research (NBER), San Jose, Costa Rica, Spring (with Dante Contreras and David Bravo)

15) 2000- “Research, Innovation and Productivity: An econometric analysis with plant level

data”, Invited Paper, 4th

Latin-American Workshop in Innovation Indicators,

Bogotá,Colombia

6.2 Fellowships

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1) 2000-2003, Overseas Research Award (OSR), CVCP, UK.

2) 1999,Asia Foundation, APRU Fellows Program.

3) 1995-1996, Iteramerican Development Bank (IDB) Scholarship,2 yr.

4) 1990-1991 Conicor Grant (Scientific Research Awards given by Province of Córdoba),

Argentina

6.3 Editorial Board membership

1) Research Policy.

2) International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development.

6.4. Referee

(a) International Journals

1) Economics of Innovation and New Technologies.

2) Journal of Applied Economics.

3) Research Policy

4) Industrial and Corporate Change

5) World Development

6) Structural Change and Economic Dynamic.

7) Small Business Economics Journal

8) Oxford Bulleting of Economics and Statistics.

(a) Latin American Journals

9) Estudios de Economía

10) Trimestre Económico

7. Software Skills

1) STATA 9.0 (Advanced level)

2) Eviews/TSP/SPSS (Intemediate Level)

3) PcGive/FIML (Basic level)

8. Personal References

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1. Jorge Katz, Associated Professor School of Economics and Business Administration,

University of Chile and Senior Professor School of Economics, University of Buenos Aires,

Argentina, e-mail: jkatz@terra.cl

2. Pari Patel, Senior Fellow, Science and Technology Research Unit, University of Sussex,

UK, e-mail:parip@sussex.ac.uk

3. Nick Von Tunzelmann, Professor Director of Research, Science and Technology

Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK, e-mail:G.N.Von-Tunzelmann@sussex.ac.uk

4. Jonathan Haskel, Chair in Economics, Imperial College Business School, UK, e-

mail:j.haskel@imperial.ac.uk