जन जागरूकता ई-संवाद प...Cory Booker United States Senator New...

��य पाठक�,सामान् य तौर पर �ित��या िल�खत प� या संदेश या शब् द� के रूप म� िमलता है। ले�कन इस माह म� केकेएनपीपी जन जागरूकता कायर्�म के तहत �मण पर आए नंदा एडुकेशनल इं�स्टट्यूट, ईरोड क� सोच िभन् न थी । भारत के सबस े �वशाल नािभक�य �व�ुत संयं� केकेएनपीपी के बारे म� �टप् पणी देने के िलए उन् ह�ने सोिशयल मी�डया का सहारा िलया। उन् ह�ने 4 िमनट क� एक लघु �फल् म बनाई, �जसम� इन िशक्ष�वद� ने अपने अनुभव एवं समझ के बारे म� बात �कया। इस वी�डयो को आम जनता को देखने के िलए यूट्यूब जैसे सोिशयल मी�डया पर �दिशर्त �कया गया। उनके इस नवीन �वचार �क “नािभक�य ऊजार् स् वच् छ, ह�रत एवं सुर�क्षत �वकल् प” के िलए उनका बहुत-बहुत आभार। पढ़कर आनं�दत ह�… अध् यक्ष, जन जागरूकता सिमित

कुल उत् पा�दत �व�ुत इकाई 36, 872िमिलयन यूिनट

केकेएनपीपी �ारा कुल CO2 उत् सजर्न म� कमी 31,672,970टननोट: कोयल ेएवं नािभक�य ऊजार् के औसत जीवन च� �ीन हाउस गैस उत् सजर्न �मश: 888 एव ं29 (टन/गीगावाट घंटा) है।

जलवाय ु प�रवतर्न आज व�ै�क पयार्वरण म�ु� म� सवार्िधक महत् वपणूर् है। नािभक�य �व�तु न् यनूतम काबर्न �ौ�ोिग�कय� म� से एक है जो बढ़ती हुई आबाद� एवं सामा�जक-आिथर्क �वकास के िलए �व�तु उत् पादन करते हुए �ीन हाउस गैस� (जीएचजी) के उत् सजर्न (अिधकतर CO2) म� कमी लाती है।CO2 के उत् सजर्न म� कमी लाने म� केकेएनपीपी का योगदान (�दनांक 30 िसतंबर 2019 को) अब तक इस �कार है।

िसतंबर 2019 के �विशष् ट �बंदु

केकेएनपीपी का जलवायु प�रवतर्न के न् यूनकरण म� योगदान

1

2

64,160 जन जागरूकता �काशन �वत�रत �कए गए3

1,924 घंट� का जन संपकर् , 7,076 लोग� से संपकर्

केकेएनपीपी स् थल पर 23 और स् थल के बाहर 4 जन सपंकर् कायर्�म आयो�जत �कए गए

तयैारकतार् एव ंसपंादक:

के.बी. जाशी, �भार� अिधकार�, ट�एलड� �योगशाला [email protected]

पनुर�क्षणकतार् :

पी. पण् डारम, सदस् य सिचव, जन जागरूकता सिमित[email protected]

आर. रामदास, �िशक्षण अधीक्षक एव ंअध् यक्ष, जन जागरूकता सिमित [email protected]

जार�कतार्:

सजंय कुमार, स् थल िनदेशक, केकेएनपीपी स् थल

जन जागरूकता ई-सवंाद प�कुडनकुलम न् यू�क्लयर पॉवर �ोजेक् ट

िसतबंर 2019 अकं – 87

इस अंक म�:

नािभक�य समाचार

नािभक�य नारे

माह के दौरान पीए गित�विधयां

�वशेष आलेख

नािभक�य सामान् य ज्ञान

तकनीक� स�

नािभक�य आकंड़ा कोश

शब् दकोश

जनता का �वचार

Public Awareness e-NewsletterKudankulam Nuclear Power Project

September 2019 Issue – 87

Dear Readers,Usually feedback comes in the form of written letter ormessage or words. But the professors and associateprofessors of Nandha Educational Institutions, Erode whovisited KKNPP this month under the public awarenessprogramme had a different thought. To express theircomments about their visit to India’s largest nuclear powerplant, KKNPP, they chose social media. They made a shortfilm of about 4 minute in which these educationalists talkedabout their experience and understanding. This video wasposted in social media like youtube for public viewing. Manythanks to them for this novel idea and taking the messagethat “nuclear is clean, green and safe” to public. Read onhappily.

Source: en.wikipedia.org

-Chairm an, PA Com m it tee

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Passeriformes

Family: Estrildidae

Genus: Euodice

Species: E. malabaricaBinomial name:

Euodice malabarica

In this issue:

Public voiceTechnical session

Nuclear Database

Nuclear NewsNuclear Slogan

PA activity during the month

Feature article

Nuclear Trivia

Lexicon

No.of units of electricity generated

36,872Million Units

Total CO2 emissions avoided by KKNPP

31,672,970Tonnes

Note: Average lifecycle GHG emissions for Coal &Nuclear is 888 & 29 (tonnes/GWh) respectively.

Climate change is the foremost globalenvironmental issue today. Nuclear power isone of the low carbon technologies that cancontribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions (mostly CO2) while generatingelectricity for growing populations andsocioeconomic development. KKNPPscontribution in preventing the CO2 emissions tillnow (As on Sep 30, 2019) is given below.

Spotlight of September 2019

KKNPP ‘s contribution to climate change mitigation

A glimpse of IndianSilverbills at TLDLaboratory, KKNPP

1

2

64,160 PA Publications distributed3

1,924 hours of PublicOutreach, reaching 7,076 people

23 on-site & 4 Off-site outreachprogramme organised

Nuclear power must be in any serious

climate plan

Photography by K.B.Jashi, OIC, TLD Laboratory, KKNPP

Cory BookerUnited States Senator

New Jersey(Source https://grist.org dated

Sep 20, 2019)

“I didn’t come to theUnited States Senateas a big nuclear guy.but when I startedlooking at theurgency of climatechange, I saw thatover 50 percent ofour non-carbon-producing powerright now comes fromnuclear. Nuclear hasto be a part of theblend. Nuclear hasproven to be one ofthe safest ways toadvance carbonneutrality.

"

of 15

Site visit commences witha structured lectureprogramme for about twohours on nuclear energy &safety features of KKNPPwith relevance to theevents at Fukushima andalso addresses the queriesmainly related toprotection of marineorganism and handling ofwaste. They are then takento Model room forfamiliarization of sitelayout, simulator facility tovisualize the functioningof safety systems andhealth physics trainingfacility to understand theconcept of radiation safetyduring normal operation& abnormal situation.Subsequently they aretaken to the Intakestructure and Desalinationplant. This programmeconcludes with a feedbacksession. Two of thefeedback received fromthe visitors are given inthis section.

Public Voice

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NPCIL Mission:To develop nuclear powertechnology and to produceNuclear Power as asafe, environmentally benignand economically viablesource of electrical energy tomeet the increasing needs ofcountry.

Technical session - VVER Technology

(Source: S.S. Bajaj, et al. (The Indian PHWR, Sep 2005; www.sciencedirect.com )

The world’s nuclear plants continue to perform

excellently

To be continued in Sep 2019

Continued fromJul 2019

Introduction:

Agneta Rising Director General

World Nuclear Association

Source: World Nuclear Association,

"The world’s nuclear

reactors made a growing

contribution to supplying

clean and reliable electricity

in 2018. Global nuclear

generation was 2563

TWh, up 61 TWh on the

previous year. ”

The outline of the design of current 220MWe PHWR stationis given in the accompanying Table 2.

of 15

Regional Distribution of Nuclear Power Plants:

New connections to the grid: (Year 2019)

Source: https://pris.iaea.org/PRISUpdated as on October 03, 2019

Current Status:

449

398 887 MWe

52

NUCLEAR POWER REACTORSIN OPERATION

TOTAL NET INSTALLEDCAPACITY

NUCLEAR POWER REACTORSUNDER CONSTRUCTION

Country No. of Reactors MWe

ARGENTINA 3 1633ARMENIA 1 375BELGIUM 7 5918BRAZIL 2 1884BULGARIA 2 1966CANADA 19 13554CHINA 48 45518CZECH REPUBLIC 6 3932FINLAND 4 2784FRANCE 58 63130GERMANY 7 9515HUNGARY 4 1902INDIA 22 6255IRAN 1 915JAPAN 37 35947KOREA 25 23784MEXICO 2 1552NETHERLANDS 1 482PAKISTAN 5 1318ROMANIA 2 1300RUSSIA 36 28355SLOVAKIA 4 1814SLOVENIA 1 688SOUTH AFRICA 2 1860SPAIN 7 7121SWEDEN 8 8613SWITZERLAND 5 3333TAIWAN 4 3844UKRAINE 15 13107UK 15 8923USA 96 97565Total 449 398887

18 201REACTOR-YEARS OFOPERATION

Nuclear Database

Source: https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS

NOVOVORONEZH 2-2 PWR, Model: VVER V-392M, RUSSIA

1114 MW(e)First Criticality Date: 22 Mar 2019First Grid Connection: 1 May 2019

SHIN-KORI-4 PWR; Model : APR-1400, REP OF KOREA

1340 MW(e)First Criticality Date: 08 Apr 2019First Grid Connection: 22 Apr 2019

TAISHAN-2 PWR, CHINA

(1660 MW(e)First Criticality Date: 28 May, 2019First Grid Connection: 23 Jun, 2019

YANGJIANG-6 PWR, CHINA

(1000 MW(e), First Criticality Date: 22 Jun, 2019First Grid Connection: 29 Jun, 2019

https://pris.iaea.org/PRIShttps://pris.iaea.org/PRIS

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Switzerland commits to 2050 climate target Aug 30

Nuclear News

USA begins first commercial testing of silicide fuel Sep 11

Source: www.eurasiareview.com

The Swiss government hasannounced it will cut itsgreenhouse gas emissions to a net-zero level by 2050. According toSwiss government statistics, about60% of Switzerland's electricitygeneration comes from renewablesources, most of it from

hydro (56.6%). Nuclear contributes about 37.6% and about 2.5% comesfrom fossil fuels. "By signing the Paris Agreement, the Federal Councilsignalled its long-term aim of reducing Switzerland's carbon emissions by70-85% by 2050," according to a government statement.

Second APR-1400 unit starts commercial operation Sep 02Unit 4 of the Shin Kori nuclearpower plant entered commercialoperation on 29 August, KoreaHydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP)announced today. Unit 3 of theSouth Korean plant became thefirst APR-1400 to begin supplyingelectricity to the grid in January2016. The APR-1400 is a PWRdesigned by Korea Electric Power

Lead test assemblies ofWestinghouse EnCore fuel rodscontaining uranium silicide fuelpellets have been loaded into acommercial nuclear power plant forthe first time. The fuels, developedthrough the US Department ofEnergy's (DOE) accident tolerantfuels programme, were loaded into

Exelon's Byron unit 2 during a scheduled refuelling outage. The twoassemblies contain chromium-coated zirconium cladding for enhancedoxidation and corrosion resistance, higher density ADOPT pellets(Westinghouse's chromia and alumina doped UO2 pellets) for improved fueleconomics, and uranium silicide pellets. The assemblies will stay in thereactors for up to six years. They will be examined between each refuellingcycle every 18 to 24 months. Source: http://www.globaltimes.cn, https://gain.inl.gov,

Source: www.world-nuclear-news.org

French-developed SMR designunveiled Sep 17

Company that KHNP said features improvements inoperation, safety, maintenance and affordability based on accumulatedexperience as well as technological development. It supersedes thestandardised 995 MWe OPR-1000 design, of which South Korea built12. Last week, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission certified theAPR-1400, finding the design fully meets US safety requirements.

A new small modular reactor(SMR) design has beenannounced by the FrenchAlternative Energies and AtomicEnergy Commission(CEA), EDF, Naval Group andTechnicAtome. The Nuward -with a capacity of 300-400MWe - has been jointlydeveloped using France'sexperience in pressurised waterreactors (PWRs).

Source: https://agenparl.eu

Source: www.world-nuclear-news.org

The USA and Romania havesigned a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) tocooperate on civil nuclearenergy. The agreement wassigned by US Secretary ofEnergy Rick Perry and RomanianPrime Minister Viorica Dăncilăon September 24 during theUnited Nations Climate ActionSummit in New York.

The Mühleberg nuclear power plant

KHNP held a commemorative ceremony in the unit's main control room, attended by KHNP President

Chung Jae-hoon (Image: KHNP)

A design concept for the Nuward SMR (Image: TechnicAtome)

Romania and USA agree to nuclearcooperation Sep 26

Two lead assemblies are now in a commercial reactor (Image: Westinghouse)

The meeting between the US Secretary ofEnergy and the Romanian Prime Minister(Image: Romanian Government)

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As a part of Public Awareness programme, Students and staff ofSchools and Colleges and public from Tirunelveli, Tuticorin andKanyakumari districts and also from Kerala state visited KKNPP Site.They were familiarized with the nuclear power plant and Safetyfeatures of KKNPP in particular reference to the events at Fukhushima(Japan) and radiation safety during normal and abnormal operation ofNuclear power plant.

Nuclear industry performance indicators

2018 (change from 2017)

Nuclear Slogan

PA activity conducted at KKNPP SiteAt

site

Source: www.ucil.gov.in, IAEA

Source: World Nuclear Association

79.8% (-1.3%) Global mean capacity

factor

Capacity factorconsistentlyhigh, Between 78-83%over the last 20 years

2563 TWh(+61 TWh)

Electricity generated in 2018

Sixth consecutive yearoutput has increased

9 (+5) New reactors

10.4 GWe addition is highest since 1990

1100

10000

Engineering College

Polytechnic College

Public

Science College

8

5

5

5

372

242

118

194

3626

2208

1132

1870

Publications distributed No.of participants Program Organised

of 15 At site

Few glimpses from Site Visit

Vivekananda college of Engineering for Women,

Namakkal (September 04)

Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram, Tirunelveli (September 05)

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology,

Trichy (September 06)

FX Polytechnic College, Tharuvai,

Tirunelveli (September 09)

Marthandam College of Engineering &

Technology, Marthandam, Kanyakumari (September 03)

Nandha College of Technology,

Erode (September 07)

of 15 At site


University of Kerala, Thiruvanathapuram,

Kerala (September 18)

Jayaraj Annapackiam CSI Polytechnic

college, Nazerth, Tuticorin (September 19)

Moderator Ganadason Polytechnic College,

Nagercoil (September 17)

Bethlam Institute of Engineering, Kanyakumari

(September 13)

Kongunadu College of Engineering &

Technology, Trichy(September 12)

Vethamonickam Memorial CSI Polytechnic College,

Kanyakumari (September 16)

of 15 At site


NLC Officers Association, Neyveli,

Kadalur (September 23)

Pioneer Kumarasamy College, Nagercoil (September 23)

Sri Sarada Niketan College of Science for women,

Karur (September 20)

Space Engineers Association, ISRO, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala (September 21)

of 15 At site


Family members of NPCIL Staff

(September 26)

A.J.K. College of Arts & Science , Navakarai,

Coimbatore (September 30)

Suthanthira Polytechnic College, Kalaiyar Kovil, Sivagangai (September 25)

Vel Tech Engineering College, Avadi,

Chennai (September 27)

CSI Institute of Technology,

Thovalai, Kanyakumari(September 26)

Marivanios college, Thiruvanathapuram,

Kerala (September 24)

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Excitation energy for nuclear fissionNuclear

Terminology

More on Excitation energy

Lexicon

The fission of a nucleus basically requires the supply of aminimum energy. If a neutron is attached to a nucleus anenergy is released consisting of the kinetic energy of theneutron and the binding energy of this neutron to thenucleus. If this energy is greater than the excitation energy fora fission of this nucleus, the nucleus may fission. For U-235the excitation energy for fission amounts to 5.7 MeV, thebinding energy of the attached neutron is 6.5 MeV, so thateven neutrons with very low kinetic energies (e.g. thermalneutrons with a kinetic energy of only 0.025 eV) may triggerthe fission. The ratios of excitation energy and binding energyare similar for the nuclei of U-233, Pu-239 and Pu-241. For U-238 and Th-232, on the other hand, the excitation energyrequired for fission is 6.5 MeV and thus much higher than thebinding energy of the attached neutron of 4.8 MeV, so thatfission of the nucleus is possible only if the neutron has akinetic energy of at least 1.7 MeV.

Fission may take place in any of the heavy nuclei after captureof a neutron. However, low-energy (slow, or thermal) neutronsare able to cause fission only in those isotopes of uranium andplutonium whose nuclei contain odd numbers of neutrons(e.g. U-233, U-235, and Pu-239). Thermal fission may also occurin some other transuranic elements whose nuclei contain oddnumbers of neutrons. For nuclei containing an even number ofneutrons, fission can only occur if the incident neutrons haveenergy above about one million electron volts (MeV). (Newly-created fission neutrons are in this category and move at about7% of the speed of light, while moderated neutrons move a lotslower, at about eight times the speed of sound).

Induced fission reaction.A neutron is absorbed bya uranium-235 nucleus, turning it brieflyinto an excited uranium-236 nucleus, with theexcitation energy providedby the kinetic energy of theneutron plus the forces thatbind the neutron. Theuranium-236, in turn, splitsinto fast-moving lighterelements (fission products)and releases a small amountof free neutrons. At thesame time, one or more"prompt gamma rays" (notshown) are produced, aswell.

Source: www.euronuclear.org , www.world-nuclear.org, Wikipedia

Excitation energy for fission

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Date Organisation No of participantsPublications distributed

Sep 01 Anuvizha 2019 300 2800

Sep 05-07 FX Engineering College, Tirunelveli 5000 46514Sep 13 TDMNS College, T. Kallikulam 550 5000

Sep 19-21 Indian Analytical Science Congress 300 1010

Total 6150 55324

Outside KKNPP

PA outreach programme conducted outside KKNPP:

Few glimpses

As a part of PA outreachactivity, Seminars, Workshop, Lectures andexhibitions wereconducted atEducational Institutionsand Organizations.

PA Exhibition at FX Engineering College, TirunelveliDuring Sep 05-07, 2019

KKNPP established a stallduring the celebration of100th birth anniversary ofDr.Vikram Sarabhai at FXEngineering Co1lege,Tirunelveli to demonstratethe importance of NuclearEnergy & Safety features ofKKNPP. Sh P. Panadaram,Scientific Officer, G, TLDLaboratory, KKNPP delivereda speech on the importanceof Nuclear Energy during thefunction.

PA Exhibition at FX Engineering

College, Tirunelveli

Date: Sep 05-07, 2019

No.of participants 5000Publications distributed 46514

of 15Few glimpses

TDMNS college, T.Kallikulam, Vallioororganised a one-daynational conference titled"Advanced ResearchTrends in Chemistry - ARTC-19. Public AwarenessGroup, KKNPP exhibited amodel and exhibits duringthe conference todisseminate theimportance of NuclearEnergy.

A total of 550 studentsvisited the KKNPP pavilion.

PA exhibition at TDMNS college,

T. KallikulamVallioor

PA exhibition at

Indian Analytical Science Congress

Thiruvanathapuram

PA exhibition at TDMNS college, T.Kallikulam, Vallioor on Sep 13, 2019

Date: Sep 13, 2019

Outside KKNPP

PA exhibition at Indian Analytical Science Congress, Thiruvanathapuram during Sep 19-21, 2019

KKNPP established aNuclear pavilion at lndianAnalytical Science CongressISAC 2019,Thiruvanathapuram anddemonstrated theimportance of NuclearEnergy & Safety featuresof KKNPP.

About 300 students visitedthe KKNPP pavilion duringthe programme.

Date: Sep 19-21

of 15

Did you know? Source: World Nuclear Association

'Clean Coal' Technologies

Source: https://www.skepticalscience.com

Feature article

Fifty years of operation achieved by five reactors

To be continued in Oct 2019Source: World Nuclear Association

This year five reactors willcelebrate 50 years ofoperation. Beznau 1 inSwitzerland, Nine Mile Point1 and R.E. Ginna in theUSA, and Tarapur 1&2 inIndia all started operating in1969.

This is the first time thismilestone has beenachieved by any reactorworldwide.

Continued from Aug 2019

Under the new Administration in 2010 however, the projectwas reconsidered, and design work, geological investigationsand a revised cost estimate proceeded. In August 2010 DOEsaid that it would abandon the original FutureGen idea andwould now retrofit unit 4 of Ameren's existing oil-fired plantin Meredosia, Illinois, with oxy-combustion rather thanIGCC, calling this FutureGen 2.0 – "a clean-coal repoweringprogram and carbon dioxide storage network." It wouldburn pulverised coal and capture over 90% of theCO2 produced (1.3 Mt/yr over 30 years), to produce 166MWe net. A pipeline would link it to a regional CO2 storagehub, and a site will be sought for this to enable sequestrationin the Mt Simon Formation. Ameren would use B&Wtechnology for oxy-combustion repowering of the plant, andFutureGen Alliance will focus on the pipeline andstorage, with a view to also drawing on other CO2 sourceswithin 160km, so that some 500 million tonnes capacity wassought.

The DOE said that it would be prepared to contribute $1.1billion of the $1.65 billion cost to it as a public-privatepartnership involving the FutureGen Industrial Alliance(FGA), Ameren Energy Resources, Babcock & Wilcox, and AirLiquide Process & Construction, Inc. Late in 2010 members ofthe FGA included domestic coal companies Peabody, BHPBilliton, Rio Tinto and Consol Energy, plus E.On. No domesticutilities remained, though Exelon had indicated an intentionto join. In December 2012, the Illinois CommerceCommission mandated that Commonwealth Edison (ComEd)and Ameren Illinois had to purchase the electricity from theproject for 20 years, but the utilities challenged this on thegrounds of cost.

After identifying a suitable sequestration site in MorganCounty, the design phase of the project was announced inFebruary 2013. Construction was due be completed in2015, with the project being on line mid-2016, but this wasdelayed as most members of the FGA dropped out, leavingonly Peabody, Glencore and Anglo American. In February2015 DOE cancelled further funding for the project, afterhaving spent $202 million on it.

FutureGen demonstration projects, USA:

Reactor details:

Reactor 1st grid

connection Model

Beznau 1,Switzerland

27 Jul 1969 PWR

Nine Mile Point 1, USA

9 Nov 1969 BWR2(Mark1)

R.E. Ginna,USA

2 Dec 1969 PWR

Tarapur 1, India

1 Apr 1969 BWR1(Mark2)

Tarapur 1, India

5 May 1969 BWR1(Mark2)

https://www.skepticalscience.com/

Prepared & Edited by:

K.B.Jashi, OIC, TLD Lab [email protected]

Reviewed by:

P.Pandaram, Member Secretary, PA [email protected]

R. RamdossTraining Superintendent & Chairman, PA Committee [email protected]

Issued by:

Sanjay Kumar Site Director, KK Site

Contact details:

Public Awareness Committee Kudankulam Nuclear Power ProjectKudankulam-627106 E-Mail: [email protected]

Page 15 of 15

Why Does Metal Spark in theMicrowave?

Trivia

The little oven relies on a device called amagnetron, a vacuum tube through which amagnetic field is made to flow. The device spinselectrons around and produces electromagneticwaves with a frequency of 2.5 gigahertz (or 2.5billion times per second).

Nuclear Trivia

.

Source: www.livescience.com, https://physics.stackexchange.c

om, www.scienceabc.com

Radio waves (includingmicrowaves) will inducevoltage differentials andelectrical eddy currents inconductors. So, foil (beinga good conductor) in amicrowave will end upwith chargesaccumulating here andthere (dependent onshape and orientationwith respect to theincident waves); voltagescan be high enough tobreak down / ionize theair between points on thefoil, and separated bysufficient distance tocause the visible sparkingand arcing you see.

Fiery grapes

Metals are not the onlyobjects that cangenerate a light show ina microwave, halvedgrapes producingspectacular sparks ofplasma, a gas ofcharged particles. Thegrapes' size caused themicrowave radiation toamass inside the tinyfruits, eventuallyresulting in enoughenergy to rip anelectron from sodium orpotassium inside thegrape, creating a sparkthat grew into aplasma.

For every material, there are particularfrequencies at which it absorbs lightparticularly well, and 2.5 gigahertz happensto be this frequency for water. Since mostthings we eat are filled with water, thosefoods will absorb energy from themicrowaves and heat up.

Now, about that sparking metal. Whenmicrowaves interact with a metallicmaterial, the electrons on the material'ssurface get sloshed around. This doesn'tcause any problems if the metal is smooth allover. But where there is an edge, like atthe tines of a fork, the charges can pile upand result in a high concentration of voltage.

"If it's high enough, it can rip an electron off amolecule in the air," creating a spark and anionized (or charged) molecule, Ionizedparticles absorb microwaves even morestrongly than water does. So once a sparkappears, more microwaves will get suckedin, ionizing even more molecules so that thespark grows like a ball of fire,

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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