akad. simon janaSia › samisaunje › pdf › 2_janashia.pdf70 simon janaSia miuxedavad imisa, rom...

akad. simon janaSia

istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebiserTi magaliTis Sesaxeb

n. tokarskis wignis `Zveli somxeTis

arqiteqturis~ gamo

redaqtorisagan

akad. s. janaSias kritikuli naSromi _ `istoriuli simarTlis

damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb~ (1947) daiwera prof. n. to-

karskis wignze _ «Архитектура древней Армении», Ереван, 1946.prof. n. tokarskis wignSi mecnierulad dasabuTebisa da argu-

mentaciis ugulvelyofiT tao-klarjeTis Zveli qarTuli terito-

ria somxurad aris saxeldebuli, xolo IX-X saukuneebis didebuli

qarTuli arqiteqturis Zeglebi somxuradaa warmodgenili. ignori-

rebulia, agreTve, qarTul eklesia-taZrebze arsebuli auracxeli

samSeneblo warwera. am warwerebSi garda imisa, rom laparakia ama

Tu im qarTuli eklesiis monastris aRmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, mox-

seniebulia xuroTmoZRvarTa qarTuli gvar-saxelebic. am wignis

gamoqveynebas qarTvel mecnierTa da sazogadoebis samarTliani aRS-

foTeba da guliswyroma mohyva _ `magram maSin, rodesac faqto-

brivad akrZaluli iyo mezobeli xalxis winaaRmdeg ramis dawera

(qarTvelebs akrZaluli hqondaT somxebis `ganawyeneba~), veravin

warmoidgenda, rom tokarskis pasuxi gaecemoda, magram simon jana-

Sias didi avtoriteti saSualebas aZlevda bevri ram iseTi gaekeTe-

bina, rac sruliad SeuZlebeli iyo sxvebisTvis. da ai, gamoqveynda

misi naSromi, romelSic qarTuli da ucxouri, da sakuTriv somx-

uri wyaroebis monacemTa safuZvelze, yvelaferi Tavis adgilze iyo

dayenebuli~, _ igonebs akad. m. lorTqifaniZe.

SeiZleba, axla vinmes gaukvirdes, magram ise iyo momzadebuli

niadagi _ erevneli da gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi momuSave somexi mec-

nierebis da maTi rusi megobrebis mier, rom n. tokarskis am uxams

69istoriuli simarTlis dasacavadwigns stalinur premiaze wardgenas upirebdnen, magram akad. s. ja-

naSias sapasuxo naSromis wyalobiT aRniSnuli gegma CaiSala. CaiS-

ala, radgan mecnieris es naSromi _ `gamodgeba imis etalonad, Tu

rogor unda gaeces pasuxi istoriuli simarTlis iseT damaxinje-

bas, rogoric n. tokarskis wignSia warmodgenili. am wignma Tavisi

daniSnuleba kargad Seasrula. somxeTSi tokarski aseTi azrebis

gatarebisaTvis gaikicxa da wignis gamomSveb institutsac sakmaod

moxvda~, _ wers akad. p. zaqaraia.

rogorc aRmoCnda, n. tokarskis gakicxva am wignis gamo moCvenebi-

Ti, yalbi RonisZieba iyo, radgan igi meored gamosces erevanSi...

XX s-is ukanasknel meoTxedSi ki somexma mecnierebma kvlav gaaCaRes

kompania tao-klarjeTis qarTuli xuroTmZRvrebis Zeglebis somxu-

rad gamocxadebis mizniT. maTgan SeiZleba davasaxeloT xelovnebaT-

mcodneobis doqtori tigran maruTiani, romelmac gamosca vrceli

monografia _ `siRrmiTa somxeTi~ (1978, somx. enaze). masSi tao-

klarjeTis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale Zeglebi somxu-

rad aris warmodgenili. es antimecnieruli wigni mkacrad gaakri-

tikes akad. v. beriZem, akad. p. zaqaraiam; Cvenc gamovaqveyneT mwvave

recenzia _ `qvani kvlav RaRadeben~ (Jur. `mnaTobi~, 1991, #3-4).

dResac grZeldeba es antiqarTuli kompania erevansa da, samwux-

arod, moskovSic. amis nimuSia ̀ marTlmadidebluri enciklopediis~

2003 wels moskovSi gamocemuli III tomi. masSi tao-klarjeTis qa-

rTuli arqiteqturis Zeglebi kvlav somxurad aris gamocxadebu-

li. saWiro iyo am fsevdomecnieruli siyalbis mxileba. karga xnis

bWobis Semdeg, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublikis~ amJamindel redaq-

torTan aleko aslaniSvilTan erTad gadavwyviteT, rom yvelaze kar-

gi pasuxi iqneboda, qarTulad gveTargmna akad. s. janaSias broSura

_ `Об одном примере искажения исторической правды~ (По поводу книги Токарского «Архитектура древней Армении», 1946). Targmna iki-

sra da unarianadac gaarTva Tavi mTargmnelma da stilistma Tamaz

ebanoiZem. Targmani jer gaz. `saqarTvelos respublikis~ furcle-

bze (2002, #259-271), Semdeg _ mangleli mitropolitis anania ja-

fariZis locva-kurTxeviT calke broSurad (2003) gamoqveynda.

aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT isic, rom akad. s. janaSias es naSro-

mi pirvelad sagazeTo variantad gaz. `zaria vostokaSi~ daibeWda

(1947, 25.I). imave wels ki _ broSuris saxiT gamovida. 1947 wels

igive, vrceli saxiT gamoqveynda sakavSiro mecnierebaTa akademiis

organoSi _ `voprosi istorii~ (#5). s. janaSias 100 wlis saiub-

ileod, 2000 wels fotopirulad gamosca istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtorma zurab ratianma.

70 simon janaSia

miuxedavad imisa, rom somexma istorikosebma, faqtobrivad,

dRemde ver gasces pasuxi akad. s. janaSiasa da sxva qarTvel mec-

nierebs, isini mainc kvlavindeburad cdiloben `daamtkicon~

tao-klarjeTis miwisa da qarTuli arqiteqturis somxuroba.

gansakuTrebiT imis Semdeg gaaqtiurdnen, rac saqarTvelos kaTo-

likos-patriarqma, misma uwmindesobam ilia II-m TurqeTis mTavrobas

mimarTa tao-klarjeTis ramdenime qarTuli eklesia-monastris gad-

mocemis Taobaze. amitom, mizanSewonilad vcaniT gamogveqveynebina

Jur. `sami saunjis~ furclebze akad. s. janaSias _ `istoriuli

simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Sesaxeb~, romelsac mec-

nieruli aqtualoba ar daukargavs da dResac Rirseuli pasuxia

istoriis gamyalbebeli zogierTi somexi vaimecnieris winaaRmdeg.

bondo arvelaZe3.XI.2011 w.

storiis, rogorc mecnierebis, likvidatorebi Cven Soris

jer kidev boginoben. aseT fiqrs aRZravs amas winaT gamosuli

n. m. tokarskis wigni `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~ (somxe-

Tis ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, istoriis instituti, pasuxismgebeli

redaqtori i. a. orbeli, erevani, 1946). avtorma miznad daisaxa ̀ Zvel-

somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mimoxilva, Tval-yuris midevneba,

Tu rogor cocxlobda da viTardeboda saukuneTa manZilze, sx-

vadasxva pirobebSi, somex xuroTmoZRvarTa SemoqmedebiTi azri da

ras uziarebdnen isini TavianT profesiaSi ucxoeTSi mcxovreb

TanamoZmeebs mravalsaxovani arqiteqturuli formebis Seqmnis rTul

procesSi~ (gv. VIII-IX). amocana sapatio da aqtualuria, magram to-

karskis wignSi somexi xalxis mdidrulma arqiteqturulma memkvi-

dreobam ver hpova Rirseuli asaxva. avtoris mankieri meTodologia,

tendenciuroba, gadmocemis ulazaTo stili, ganzraxvani, romelTac

saerTo araferi aqvT mecnieruli gamokvlevis amocanebTan, _ ai, ra

gvaocebs am wignSi, romelic, rasakvirvelia, SemTxveviT atarebs

gamorCeuli samecniero dawesebulebis grifs.

wignis zogadi daxasiaTebisaTvis mivuTiTebT, rom akademiur ga-

mocemaSi, romelmac, gacxadebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, warmodgena unda

mogvces arqiteqturuli formebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis aTasxuTas-

wlovan procesze, mkiTxveli naxavs, orad-or Wrils. dvinsa da

vaRarSapatSi sasaxleebis Sesaxeb mocemulia mxolod uTavbolo

aRwerebi, fragmentuli arqiteqturuli morTulobis ori suraTi

71istoriuli simarTlis dasacavad

da tokarskis Sesrulebuli `kaTalikosis palatebis patara ezos~

rekonstruqcia. avtorma saWirod ar CaTvala Tan daerTo amJamad

nangrevebad qceul am nagebobaTa gegmebi. imaze, Tu zogjer rad

Rirs dangreul SenobaTa msgavsi rekonstruqciebi, mkiTxvels TviT

tokarski acnobebs mocemuli karis bolos: `patriarqis palatebis

samxreTi nawilis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi SemorCa momcro

eklesiis afsida, romelic arqiteqtor t. Toromanianis rekon-

struqciaSi warmodgenilia, rogorc samnaviani bazilika. sinamd-

vileSi aq, albaT, mcire erTnaviani samlocvelo iyo~ (gv. 48)...eg

ki ara, sakuTari rekonstruqciis Sesaxebac tokarski aseT wvril-

manebs hyveba: `sqematur rekonstruqciaze, gaswvriv kedelSi fan-

jrebi da karebi nebismieradaa ganlagebuli, vinaidan SeuZlebelia

nangrevebSi raime monacemebs miakvlio~ (gv. 49, SeniSvna 44)... `Sei-

Zleba Senobis sxva rekonstruqciis mocemac, Tu vivaraudebT, rom

aq patara ezo ki ara, darbazi iyo~ (gv. 45) da a. S. amgvar mecnierul

naSromSi aucilebeli pirobiToba da hipoTeturoba mocemul Sem-

TxvevebSi im zRvramdea miyvanili, roca rekonstruqcia yovelnair

azrsa da mniSvnelobasaa moklebuli.

mravali sxva winaaRmdegoba da logikuri Seusabamoba avtori-

saTvis sulac SeumCneveli rCeba. magaliTad, igi amtkicebs, TiTqos

`somexi xuroTmoZRvrebi ar Cerdebian samnavian kamarovan eklesia-

darbazad bazilikis gadakeTebisas miRweul Sedegebze. isini brwyin-

valed wyveten gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli saeklesio Senobis Seqmnis

amocanasac~ (gv. 58). ras emyareba es sapasuxismgeblo gancxadeba?

mxolod erTmaneTis gamomricxav mixvedrebsa da gamogonebebs da

arc erT faqts. faqtebis uqonloba rodi acbunebs avtors _ igi

axerxebs maT Secvlas. `saTuoa, rom nagebobis gumbaTovani for-

ma, _ ganagrZobs tokarski, _ mxolod saeklesio mSeneblobasTan

dakavSirebiT gamomuSavebuliyo; unda vivaraudoT, rom gumbaTebis

aRmarTvis teqnikas arqiteqtorebi (romeli? _ s. j.) kargad ic-

nobdnen gacilebiT adre. garemoeba, rom somxeTSi jerjerobiT ar

aris aRmoCenili VI saukuneze adre agebuli gumbaTovani Senobebi,

ver gamodgeba sawinaaRmdegos dasamtkiceblad, radgan Zneli sa-

varaudoa, rom sasanidur sparseTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul qveya-

naSi (da ara mxolod droebiT damorCilebulSi), ar scodnodaT

sasanidel mbrZanebelTa nebiT aRmarTuli SesaniSnavi sasaxlis ti-

pis nagebobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic (ese igi, nagebobebi da ara mbr-

Zaneblebi! _ s. j.), aqamde aRtacebas hgvris xelovnebis yvelaze

momTxovn Semfasebels~ (iqve). ubraloa da naTeli: somxeTSi ar

Semonaxula VI saukunemde agebuli gumbaTovani nagebobebi, Tumca,

72 simon janaSia

samagierod isini mezobel sparseTs SemorCnen. somxeTma ki ganicada

sparseTis ara marto politikuri, aramed kulturuli gavlenac;

amitom, Zneli savaraudoa, rom somxeTs sparseTidan ar gadmoeRo

nagebobis gumbaTovani forma. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gumbaTovan nagebo-

baTa damuSavebis saqmeSi pirveloba xom sparsel xuroTmoZRvrebTan

gadadis! Tumca, tokarski msgavs dabrkolebebs angariSs ar uwevs

da aRuSfoTeblad ganagrZobs: `jer kidev araa garkveuli, Tu sad

(sparseTsa Tu somxeTSi) iyo ufro adre gamoyenebuli arqiteqtur-

aSi konusuri afris, anu trompis saxeliT cnobili is Taviseburi

forma gumbaTze naxevradkonusis saxiT kamarovani gadasvlisa...

romelic oden VII saukunis Sua xanebSi iqna mkveTrad gandevnili

dasavleTidan Semosuli sferuli afriT~. amrigad, Tumca gumbaTi,

saerTod, somxebma sparselebisagan isesxes, misi ZiriTadi elemen-

ti, kamarovani gadasvla konusuri afris formiT, jerac gamocanad

rCeba; is SeiZleba iyos sparsuli warmoSobisac, somxuri warmo-

Sobisac, Tavis sxva formiT ki, sferuli afris formiT, somxebis

mier namdvilad gadmoRebuli iyo ukve dasavlel xalxTagan. oRond,

domxali amiT ar Tavdeba. uSualod momdevno frazaSi ukve gvimt-

kiceben, rom gumbaTi saerTodac SeiZleba wminda somxuri warmoma-

vlobisa iyos: àgreTve, Zneli savaraudoa, rom xuroTmoZRvrebs,

romlebic yovel sofelSi xvdebodnen saxlebs, boZebze Seyenebuli

xis karviseburi saxuraviT, azrad ar mosvlodaT gumbaTi~ (aq, ise

rogorc yvela qvemoT moyvanil citataSi, xazgasma Cemia _ s. j.). da

es yvelaferi erT gverdze mogvawodes!

ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodiT, yovlisSemZle formulebis dax-

marebiT: `saeWvoa, rom~, ùnda davuSvaT~, `Znelia vivaraudoT~, da

ase Semdeg (aq isini erTi abzacidanaa amowerili, magram mTeli wigni

msgavsi formulebiTaa aWrelebuli), rac gnebavT, yvelafris `damt-

kiceba~ SeiZleba.

marTlac, yuradRebiani mkiTxveli iolad SeamCnevs, ra ususuria

tokarskis mtkicebani. somxuri arqiteqturis bevri mniSvnelovani

Zegli sruliad zedapirulad aris aRwerili. ver SexvdebiT ZeglTa

utyuar analizs. esoden didi mniSvnelobis mqone maTi daTariRe-

ba metwilad sulac ar gaxlavT dasabuTebuli, an dasabuTebulia

Zalian ucnaurad. ase magaliTad, ereruiqis bazilikaze, misi aR-

weris dasawyisSi, naTqvamia, rom is miekuTvneba `Cvenamde moRweuli

yvelaze Zveli eklesiebis~ (gv. 49) ricxvs, Semdeg gakvriT mogvig-

des, rom `mogvianebiT aq axali karibWe aRmarTes... V saukuneSi age-

buli bazilikis karibWeebi gankuTvnili iyo~ (gv. 52) da ase Semdeg.

tekoris taZris Sesaxeb gveubnebian: ìmave dros (ese igi, ereruiqis


bazilikis agebis dros _ s. j.) Cveulebriv usadageben tekorSi (di-

gorSi) taZris agebasac~ (gv. 53), `qristianobis pirvel saukuneebs

(V-VI saukuneebi)~ mikuTvnebuli aravusis (gv. 55) taZris daTariRe-

bidan ki vigebT, rom somxeTSi uZvelesi saeklesio nagebobebi aris

V da VI saukuneebisa, Tumca, qristianoba IV saukuneSi gaxda somx-

eTis saxelmwifo religia (gv. 48). namdvilad ki, wignSi wamoyenebu-

li sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT, aTwleulTa farglebSi daTariRebas

aqvs mniSvneloba. ixile, magaliTad, tokarskis msjelobani mcxeTis

`jvaris~ daTariRebis Taobaze:1

aStarakisa da qasaRis eklesiebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom isini

`agebuli arian araugvianes VI saukunisa~ (gv. 55). ratom, _ ucnobi

rCeba. samagierod, sxva adgilas igive aStaraki `VI-VII saukunee-

bis eklesiaTa rigs~ miaTvala (gv. 121). mravalabsidiani taZari eR-

varTSi gamocxadebulia VII saukunis nagebobad da am daTariRebis

dasadastureblad erTi sityvac ar aris naTqvami. mravalabsidiani

taZrebis qronologia ki erTob mniSvnelovania, vinaidan aqamde ga-

batonebulia Sexeduleba, TiTqos msgavsi nagebobebi Cndeba ara ua-

dres X saukunisa.

abdaubda da winaaRmdegobrivi msjelobebi zogjer auxsnel

masStabebs aRwevs. ase magaliTad, erT adgilas (gv. 210-211) vkiTxu-

lobT: `xaxulSi ori feris soli enacvleba erTmaneTs. am xerxma

etyoba iseTi efeqti moaxdina, rom zogierT ukve arsebul nagebo-

baSi fanjrebis Tavze nairfersolebiani TaRebi saRebaviT iyo gad-

mocemuli Cveulebriv horizontalur mopirkeTebaze (oSki, parxa-

li). aseTi imitaciis arseboba oSkSi dasavleT fasadis mdidrulad

morTul fanjaraze, romelic kompoziciurad erTnairia (asea! _ s.

j.), xaxulis eklesiis samxreTis fanjrisa, gviCvenebs, rom es ekle-

sia aaSenes cota gvian, Tumca, imave skolis ostatebma~. ranairad

SeiZleba oSkis taZarSi arsebuli xaxulis minabaZi gamodges xaxu-

lis taZris aSenebis ufro gviandel xanaze miniSnebad, samudamod

tokarskis saidumloebad darCeba.

kidev meti originalobiT gamoirCeva avtoris Semdegi mtkiceba.

specialur literaturaSi gamoqveynebul debulebasTan dakavSire-

biT, rom mcxeTis `jvarSi~ pirvelad iyo SemuSavebuli Sesabamisi

arqiteqturuli Tema, tokarski gvedaveba: `...kargad cnobilia, rom

zedapirze mdebare nagebobaTa garda, somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi bev-

ria miwiT dafaruli monumentur naSenTa nangrevi, romelTa Soris

SeiZleba aRmoCndes avansa da mcxeTazec adre aSenebuli CvenTvis

saintereso tipis eklesiebi~ (gv. 91). avtori ver amCnevs, rom es `mi-

wisqveSa~ argumentacia, romelsac Tavisi Txzulebis sxva adgile-

74 simon janaSia

bSic xSirad mimarTavs, ufro metad, vidre sxva ram, imaze migvaniS-

nebs, rom danarCeni masala, romelsac mecniereba SeiZleba angariSs

uwevdes, amowurulia.

avtoris im varaudis mTavari safuZveli, rom eCmiaZinis taZari

Tavidan bazilikas warmoadgenda, is aris, rom èCmiaZinis pativsace-

mad vinme atomis saeklesio sagalobel `ganZ~-Si is iwodeba sionad,

xolo rogorc i. a. javaxovma daadgina, qarTul enaSi es dasaxeleba

yovelTvis aRniSnavs bazilikas~ (gv. 61)... yvelafers Tavi rom davane-

boT, unda aRiniSnos, rom tokarski aq ugulebelyofs termin `sio-

nis~ sruliad sxvagvar ganmartebas TviT qarTuli enisTvisac, moce-

muls uaxles literaturaSi. gakvriT mivuTiToT, agreTve, Semdegi:

am sakiTxs rom avtori ufro seriozulad mokideboda da ufro Rr-

mad Cawvdomoda wyaroebis cnobebs, SeeZlo termini ̀ sioni~ aRmoeCina

ara marto poetur literaturaSi, romlis Cvenebebsac am SemTxvevaSi

mTavar, pirdapir mniSvnelobas ver mivawerT. ase magaliTad, saRmosa-

vanqis XIII saukunis gumbaTovani nageboba TviT am taZris warweraSi

orjer wodebulia `wminda sionad~.2 ras niSnavs es?

zedapirulad, daumtkicebladaa ganxiluli Zalze mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebi gumbaTovani bazilikebisa da `gumbaTovani darbazebis~

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, maTTan dakavSirebiT,

tokarski Sors mimavali mtkicebebis nebas aZlevs Tavs (gv. 62-68).

mcxeTaSi SesaniSnavi qarTuli taZris `jvris~ xuroTmoZRvarze

avtori ambobs, rom man `Tavisi qmnilebis gumbaTi tipuri somxuri

lavgardniT Semoqoba~ (gv. 92). amasobaSi ki, sxva adgilas, roca

gadmoscems Tavis `zogierT mosazrebas am formis warmoSobis Tao-

baze~ (igulisxmeba zemoT dasaxelebuli lavgardnis tipi), TviTve

am formis evoluciis safexurebis saCveneblad iSveliebs magaliTs

mcire aziidan da agreTve, lavgardans saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze

mdebare sofel garbanis eklesiidan~ (gv. 121), ese igi, magaliTs saqa-

rTvelodan. maS, ratom aris es lavgardani `tipuri somxuri~?

`jvarSi~ imave `tipuri somxuri~ lavgardnis Taobaze avtori

wers: àm faqts ar SeuZlia gaocebis gamowveva, radgan saqarTvelo-

Si aris mcxeTurTan erTob msgavsi eklesia, àtenis sionis~ saxeliT

cnobili, romelic somexma arqiteqtorma aaSena~ (gv. 92)... kul-

turuli nasesxobis faqtebs SeuZlia marto tokarskis Secbune-

ba gamoiwvios. mecniereba faqtebs Seiswavlis mis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli obieqturi meTodebiT, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi tokarski

saWirod rodi miiCnevs mkiTxvels yvela cnobili faqti miawodos.

ase magaliTad, specialur literaturaSi udavod aris dadgenili,

rom atenis taZari mcxeTisaze gvianaa agebuli da ukanasknelis ux-


eiro mibaZvas warmoadgens!

ai, rogor warmogvidgeba saqme tokarskis wignSi gamocxadebuli

programis erTi nawilis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT: `gaakeTos Zv-

elsomxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mimoxilva, Tvalyuri miadev-

nos, Tu rogor cocxlobda da viTardeboda saukuneTa manZilze, sx-

vadasxva pirobebSi, somex xuroTmoZRvarTa azri~... Cven mier zemoT

ukve garCeuli tokarskis gamonaTqvamebidan mkiTxvels SeeZlo isic

daenaxa, Tu rogor sruldeba wignSi imave programis meore nawili:

`Tvalyuris midevneba, Tu ras uziarebdnen isini (somexi xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebi _ s. j.) TavianT ucxoel TanamoZmeebs profesiis mixedviT~...

magram am sakiTxze Rirs ufro vrclad SeCereba.

sinamdvileSi urTierTgaziarebaze aq deklaraciuli msjelo-

baa (asea, magaliTad, `daskvnaSi~), damokidebuleba gare kulturul

garemosTan calmxrivia da winaswar ganzraxuli. amasTan, gaugebro-

bebs da winaaRmdegobebs aqac blomad vxvdebiT.

ai, am TvalsazrisiT, tokarskis ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli gam-

onaTqvami: `Secdoma iqneboda somxeTis uZvelesi arqiteqturis

gaigiveba urartelebis arqiteqturasTan, romelTac qristianul

eramde didi xniT adre Seqmnes pirveli saxelmwifo amierkavkasiaSi,

Tumca, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom somexma xalxma, romlis Semad-

genlobaSi ZiriTad birTvTan _ somxebTan erTad urartelebic

Sevidnen, Tavis mSeneblobaSi raRac zomiT im Zveli saxelmwifos

ostatTa gamocdilebac gamoiyena, romlis teritoriac daikava.

amasTan unda aRiniSnos somex xuroTmoZRvarTa mier gacilebiT gvian

aRmarTul nagebobaTa mkveTri gansxvaveba urartelebis nagebobebi-

sagan, romelTa samSeneblo teqnika ufro axlos aris mesopota-

miis xalxTan, kerZod, asirielTa teqnikasTan~ (gv. XIII)... `naTq-

vamidan cxadia, Tu ramdenad daSorebulia erTmaneTs urartelebisa

da somxebis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi saerTo gadawyvetiT, teqnikiTa

da mopirkeTebiT da ra sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT sakiTxs memkvi-

dreobiTobis Sesaxeb, Secdoma rom ar mogvivides~ (gv. XVI). maSasa-

dame, Zveli urarteli ostatebis gamocdilebiT sargebloba somex

xuroTmoZRvrebs ar SeeZloT. arc zogad gadawyvetaTa sferoSi, arc

teqnikaSi, arc mopirkeTebaSi. ismis kiTxva, maS sad SeeZloT maT am

gamocdilebis gamoyeneba?

`elinizms, romelmac mniSvnelovani, progresuli roli Seasru-

la qveynis cxovrebis yvela dargSi, xelovnebis CaTvliT, xelsayre-

li niadagi gamoecala Tavisi gavlenis gasavrceleblad da romisT-

vis mouxda adgilis daTmoba. Semdgom, ukve qristianobis pirvel

saukuneebSi, arqiteqturaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT oden elinisturi da

76 simon janaSia

romauli formebis gamoZaxilebs _ volutas kapitelze, qongursa

da modulions lavgardanze, gvarianad gadamuSavebul akants. so-

mexma xuroTmoZRvrebma monaxes sakuTari gzebi, saidanac arasodes

gadauxveviaT, Tumca, saukuneTa manZilze saxifaTo gzajvaredini

cota rodi SexvedriaT~ (gv. 12-13).

Semdeg, Cven ukve moviyvaneT tokarskis msjelobebi im Temaze,

rom `somexi xuroTmoZRvrebi ar sjerdebian bazilikis samnavian ka-

marovan eklesia-darbazad gadamuSavebisas miRweul Sedegebs. isini

brwyinvaled wyveten gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli saeklesio Senobis

Seqmnis amocanasac~ (gv. 58). qvemoT ki gvimtkiceben: `sainteresoa,

rom gacilebiT gvian, XII-XIII saukuneebSi, roca gumbaTi saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ukve Svidsaukunovani xnisa iyo, arqiteqtorebi

bolo siaxles _ karibWes rom qmnian, mimarTaven isev imave soflis

saxls: qvisgan akeTeben kolonebze dayudebul karvul saxuravs

sinaTlisaTvis datovebuli xvreliT. gumbaTovani saeklesio nage-

bobebis ganviTareba somxeTSi ori damoukidebeli mimarTulebiT

wavida~ (gv. 58-59)... da Tumca, somxeTSi `jerjerobiT ver aRmoa-

Cines sawyisi saxis uZvelesi gumbaTovani eklesiebi~ (gv. 59), mainc,

rogorc avtori irwmuneba, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom `somexma xuroT-

moZRvrebma srulad gaiTvaliswines es garemoeba (adgilobrivi ba-

zilikis Taviseburebani _ s. j.) da VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

Seqmnes ramdenime mSvenieri gumbaTovani bazilika~ (gv. 62) da rom

`swored am VII saukunis gumbaTovan bazilikaSi iqmneba jvargum-

baTovani taZris forma, esoden damaxasiaTebeli momdevno sauku-

neebis amierkavkasiis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis~ (gv. 64)...

`somxuri Zeglebi, maT msgavs bizantiurze gacilebiT adre Seqmni-

li, damajereblad metyvelebs imaze, rom es tipi aq SemuSavebuli

iyo bazilikis safuZvelze~ (gv. 65. ix. agreTve gv. 68, 73, 111, 112-113,

118-119 da sxv.). dasasrul, tokarski acxadebs, TiTqos VII saukunis

pirveli naxevrisaTvis `ukve gveZleva SesaZlebloba, vilaparakoT

savsebiT Camoyalibebul somxur klasikaze, romelsac, miuxedavad

bevri ukuRmarTobisa, emyareba somexi xuroTmoZRvrebis yvela Sem-

dgomi Taobis Semoqmedeba~ (gv. 132).

amrigad, gamodis, rom yvela ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli forma

adgilobriv Seiqmna, aqedan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi. aucilebe-

li ar aris msurvelT sakiTxis ase dayenebis ufleba CamovarTvaT.

mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi ubraloa: igi moiTxovs mxolod faqtebsa

da mtkicebulebebs; tokarskisTan ki rogoraa faqtebisa da mtkice-

bulebebis saqme am sakiTxTa wresTan dakavSirebiT?

yvelaze cxadad tokarskis mecnierulma meTodologiam da


sazogadoebrivma mizandasaxulebebma Tavi iCina mis msjelobebSi

somxuri arqiteqturis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb qarTveli xalxis,

somexTa saukuneobrivi mezoblis, arqiteqturasTan. aq, rasakvirve-

lia, kulturuli gacvla-gamocvlis xsenebac ar aris, aq avtori

arc ki kmayofildeba mxolod calmxrivi gavlenis mtkicebiT, rac

zemoTac SeiZleboda dagvenaxa, igi kidev ufro Sors midis.

nu gavuswrebT Sefasebebs win, moTminebiT ganvixiloT tokarskis

wignis Sesabamisi adgilebi.

wignis `RerZia~ mcdeloba _ mTeli samxreT saqarTvelo, misi

mosaxleobiTa da kulturiT, warmoCndes, rogorc ucxoerovnuli

samyaro. aq laparakia mdinare Woroxis auzSi da mdinare mtkvris

zemo dinebis gayolebiT mdebare samxreT saqarTvelos provinciebze.

saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri saxelmwifoebriobis dacemamde

es teritoriebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT saqarT-

velos samefoTa farglebSi Sedioda. saqarTveloSi feodalur

urTierTobaTa momwifebis periodSi isini Seadgendnen erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes qarTul feodalur warmonaqmns, ori wamyvani sam-

Tavros taosa da klarjeTis mixedviT, Cveulebriv, tao-klarjeTad

wodebuls (IX-X saukuneebi). am provinciebis garda tao-klarjeTis

samefoSi Sedioda da mis cxovrebaSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebda

sxva teritoriebic _ aWara, SavSeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani (ar-

dagani, im dros es teritoriis saxeli iyo da ara qalaqisa, romel-

mac aseTi dasaxeleba mogvianebiT miiRo teritoriisagan, rogorc

misma centrma), kola, speri da sxv. tokarskis arc eeWveba, rom

saqme exeba swored am teritorias, erT SemTxvevaSi igi pirdapir

laparakobs Tavis saganze, rogorc `X saukunis meore naxevris tao-

klarjiis (ese igi, tao-klarjeTis _ s. j.) arqiteqturaze, roca

aRimarTa mSvenieri nagebobebi oSkSi, iSxanSi, tbeTSi~ (gv. 146).

(unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven dromde Semonaxuli tbeTis Zegli SavSe-

Tis, tao-klarjeTis erT-erTi yvelaze CrdiloeT raionis terito-

riaze imyofeba _ s. j.). meore SemTxvevaSi tokarskisTan es miwebi

iwodeba `teritoriebad mdinare Woroxis auzSi~ (gv. 200), yvelaze

xSirad ki isini wignSi saxeldebian `taiq~-ad (taos dasaxelebis

somxuri forma), ramac unda Secvalos Cveulebrivi tao-klarjeTi.

ra mtkicdeba am mxaris Sesaxeb?

teritoria. gvimtkiceben, rom es `dasavluri somxuri teri-

toriebi mdinare Woroxis auzSi, odesRac cnobil Tavadur gvarTa

(romlebis? s. j.) samflobelo, romlebSic (gvarebSi ki ara, teri-

toriebSi _ s. j.) arabTa Semosevis dros bagratidebi afarebdnen

Tavs, X saukunis meore naxevarSi Sedioda damoukidebeli saxelm-

78 simon janaSia

wifo warmonaqmnis SemadgenlobaSi, romlis saTaveSi idga taiqis

gonieri, energiuli kurapalati daviTi~ (gv. 200), rom es _ `odin-

deli somxuri miwebia~ (...`aseTi xerxi cnobilia X saukunis meore

naxevris tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturaSic, roca aRimarTa mSvenieri

nagebobebi oSkSi, iSxanSi, tbeTSi... bagratidTa somxeTis kavSirebi

am odindel somxur miwebTan... sayovelTaod cnobilia~ (gv. 146), _

vkiTxulobT erTgan; `Woroxis auzSi mdebare somxeTis dasavleTi

raionebi~ (gv. 135), _ meoregan; `taiqis Zveli somxuri qalkido-

nituri teritoriis sofel iSxanidan~ (gv. 95), _ mesamegan; `nerse-

si, taiqis qalkidonituri somxuri teritoriis mcxovrebi~... (gv.

46), _ meoTxegan). mainc ras emyareba es kategoriuli mtkiceba? arc

arafers. tokarskis Tavisi Tezisis sasargeblod arc faqtebi mohy-

avs, arc mosazrebebi.

ise ki, survili rom hqonoda da cotaodeni obieqturoba gamoe-

Cina, igi SeZlebda mocemuli miwebis teritoriuli kuTvnilebis

sakiTxSi garkvevas. tokarskis Tu ar nebavs qarTuli cnobebiT

sargebloba, SesaZlebloba hqonda Caexeda (rac sasurveli iqnebo-

da) berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi da valdebuli iyo (vbedavT amis

mtkicebas) mcire yuradReba daeTmo somxuri cnobebisaTvis.

am teritoriis namdvili mecnieruli istoriis aRdgena sulac

ar aris Zneli, Tu didad avtoritetuli istoriuli wyaroebis

Cvenebebs daveyrdnobiT. qaldeis saxelmwifos (igulisxmeba urar-

tus saxelmwifo _ mTg.) samxreT, mesopotamiur ganapira mxareSi

rom SeaRwies ukve VI-V saukuneebSi Cvens eramde, somxurma tomeb-

ma mxolod Zveli welTaRricxvis 189 wlis Semdeg daikaves iseTi

raionebi, rogoric derjani da karinia _ amJamad erzerumis olqi

(straboni). amieridan sasazRvro xazi saqarTvelosa da somxeTs So-

ris araqsze gadis (apolodori). tigran II dros, Cvens eramde I

saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi, somxeTis sazRvrebis Semdgomi ga-

farToeba xdeba. unda vifiqroT, maSin iyo dakavebuli provincia

speri (strabonTan _ sispiritida). tao ki kvlav rCeba saqarT-

velos farglebSi: somxuri teritoriebis dawvrilebiT CamoTvli-

sas, straboni (axali eris I saukunis dasawyisi) maT Soris arsad da

aranairad ar moixseniebs taos.

qristianuli eris dasawyisisaTvis sazRvari somxeTsa da saqa-

rTvelos Soris gadis, rogorc es SeiZleba davinaxoT Tanamedrove

wyaroTa SedarebiT _ kritikuli Seswavlidan, mtkvar-araqsis wy-

algamyof qedebze, amasTan, Woroxis xeobis Sua nawili saqarTvelos

sazRvrebSi Sedis. aq straboni sazRvars varaudobs mosxur mTebSi,

pliniusi ki amtkicebs, rom iberiis teritoria pariadris mTebamde


uwevda. Tundac daveTanxmoT yvela mkvlevaris mier gaziarebul mo-

sazrebas, rom Zvelebis pariadri amJamindeli mTa parxalia (Cven

vfiqrobT, rom saxelwodeba pariadri ganekuTvneba parxalidan

samxreT-dasavleTiT Sors mdebare mTebs), am SemTxvevaSic ueWvelad

dasturdeba, rom aRebul epoqaSic tao, romlis samxreT-dasavleT

sazRvars swored mTa parxali warmoadgenda, Seadgenda aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos samefos nawils.

Cveni eris I-III saukuneebi qarTuli samefos mniSvnelovani ga-

Zlierebis periodia.3 romsa da irans Soris Seuwyveteli omebis as-

parezad qceuli somxeTi ki TandaTan sustdeba da ifiteba. es aris

somxeT-saqarTvelos sazRvarze teritoriul samflobeloTa axali

gadanawilebis Jami. Cveni mtkiceba exeba, uwinares yovlisa, I sauku-

nis meore mesameds, roca somxeTis taxtze qarTuli samefo saxlis

warmomadgenlebi sxedan. aseve mniSvnelovania tacitusis cnoba,

rom axali eris 58 wels qarTveli mefis farsman I brZanebiT somx-

eTSi mesxebi SeiWrnen.4 maSasadame, mesxebi am dros kvlav rCebian

qarTveli mefis qveSevrdomebad. mesxebi ki, rogorc yvelasaTvis

cnobilia, swored im samxreT saqarTvelos provinciebis mcxovreb-

Ta wodebaa, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi Seadgenen tao-klarjeTis

samefos; xolo aqedan gamodis is daskvnac, rom momdevno xanis tao-

klarjeTis teritoria Cveni eris I saukunis Sua wlebSi, qarTuli

samefos nawils Seadgenda. arsebobs safuZveli, agreTve, vivarau-

doT, rom dion kasiusis cnoba imperator adrianes dros saqarT-

velos teritoriis gazrdis Sesaxeb, gulisxmobs misi sazRvrebis

gafarToebas samxreTis mimarTulebiT.

VI saukunis Sua wlebisTvis ki, saxelganTqmuli bizantieli

istorikosi prokofi kesarieli, amierkavkasiis saqmeebSi saocrad

Caxeduli mwerali, kvlav adasturebs, rom maRalmTian qveyanaSi

dasaxlebuli mesxebi ZvelTaganve qarTveli moqalaqeni arian.5

samxreT saqarTvelos feodaluri samTavros tao-klarje-

Tis daarsebasTan erTad, mdgomareoba gansaxilvel raionebSi met

sicxadesa da garkveulobas iZens. samTavros teritoria sul ufro

da ufro farTovdeba samxreTisaken da zedized ierTebs adre da-

kargul raionebs. 952 wels bizantieli imperatori konstantine

porfirogeneti (ZowiTSobili), kavkasiis saqmeebSi iseve saucxood

informirebuli, rogorc prokofi, kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa samefoebi TviT Teodosiopols, amJa-

mindel erzerums ebjineboda, da rom sazRvari saqarTvelosa da

imperias Soris am seqtorSi mdinare araqsze gadioda. konstantine

wers: ...`misi (qarTveli kurapalatis) TxovniT (gadawyda), rom fa-

80 simon janaSia

zianis (qarTuli basiani, erzerumis momijnave teritoria. _ s. j.)

sazRvrad iyos mdinare araqsi, anu fazisi, da rom miwebi marcxniv,

iveriis (saqarTvelos) mxares, miekuTvnebodes iverielebs (qarTve-

lebs), marjvniv ki, Teodosiopolis mxares, cixesimagreebi da so-

flebi _ Cvens udidebulesobas, da rom mdinare sazRvrad iyos

orive samflobelos Soris~.6 imave saukunis bolos tao-klarje-

Tis samefos meTaurma daviT III kurapalatma Tavis samflobeloebs

SeuerTa axali vrceli teritoriebi TviT vanis tbis CrdiloeT

sanapiromde da qalaq erzinkamde (amJamad erzinjani). zedmeticaa

vTqvaT, rom gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo kidev ufro myarad gan-

mtkicda am teritoriebze.

ra SeiZleba amovkrifoT somxuri cnobebidan am sakiTxis garSe-

mo? aviRoT yvelaze subieqturad Seferadebuli wyaro, cnobili

`somxuri geografia~, romelsac tradicia movses xorenacs miaw-

ers da Cveni eris V saukunis Txzulebad miiCnevs. mkvlevarTa erTi

nawili mas VII saukuniT, meore nawili ki IX-iT aTariRebs. es Ze-

gli, erovnuli tendenciiT gamsWvaluli da amitomac zogjer WeS-

maritebis winaaRmdeg Semcodveli, ase aRwers saqarTvelos: `kolx-

eTi, ese igi egeri (qarTulad egrisi _ s. j.), imyofeba pontos zRvis

aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos, da iveriisa da didi somxeTis Tana-

mosazRrea. egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi,

WaneTi, ese igi xaldebi~. amrigad, ̀ geografia~ kolxeTs miakuTvnebs

ara marto Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos (samegrelo, guria,

aWara da sxv.), aramed mTel lazistansac, agreTve, kidev WanTa, imave

xaldTa teritorias, ese igi olqebs trapezuntidan dasavleTiTa

da samxreTiT. imave kolxeTis aRweraSi laparakia, rom Woroxi

kolxeTis mdinarea, Tumca misi saTaveebi somxeTSi imyofeba. aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb `geografia~ mogviTxrobs: `iveria,

ese igi saqarTvelo, egeridan aRmosavleTiT, kavkasiaSi sarmatias-

Tan mosazRvreobiT, gaSlilia mdinare mtkvris gayolebiT alvane-

Tis sazRvrebamde. saqarTvelos teritoriebi Semdegia: klarjni,

ardahani, SavSeTi, javaxni, samcxe, aWara... manglisis xeoba, qveSis

xeoba (axlandeli baSkiCeTis, anu dmanisis raionis Zveli saxelwo-

deba. _ s. j.), bolnisis xeoba, Treli (ese igi TrialeTi _ s. j.),

kangarni, taSiri~ da sxv.7 `geografiis~ tendencia mocemul SemTx-

vevaSi imiT gamovlinda, rom Semdgom TxrobaSi zogierTi am teri-

toriaTagan moxseniebulia ukve somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi, magram

amasTan, yovel jerze aRniSnulia, rom aseT da aseT teritorias

`qarTvelebi flobeno~. savsebiT cxadia (da arc SeiZleba sxvagvari

gageba), rom VII-VIII saukuneebSi am provinciebis qarTuloba sayov-


elTaod iyo cnobili saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac. amave faqts,

arsebul istoriul pirobebSi, agreTve, eTnikuri mniSvnelobac

hqonda: VII-VIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos dakarguli aqvs poli-

tikuri erTianoba da damoukidebloba, is arabTa batonobis qveS

imyofeba da `somxuri geografiis~ gamoTqma, dasaxelebul provin-

ciebs `qarTvelebi flobeno~, upiratesad im azriT unda gvesmodes,

rom iq qarTveli mosaxleoba binadrobs.

taos (`taiqs~) `somxuri geografia~ asaxelebs somxuri teri-

toriebis ricxvSi; magram ai, gacilebiT ufro miukerZoebeli da

ukeT ganswavluli wyaro, VII saukunis somexi istorikosi leonti

(levondi) pirdapir ambobs, rom kola Sedis saqarTvelos fargleb-

Si.8 kola ki, mdinare mtkvris saTaveebis raioni, imave `somxuri geo-

grafiis~ aRiarebiT, provincia taos nawili gaxldaT. igive levondi

sxva adgilas samcxes9 (qalaq axalcixis teritoria) gansazRvravs,

rogorc qarTuli qveynis teritorias, movses xorenaci10 ki klar-

jeTs saqarTvelos olqebs miaTvlis da ase Semdeg.

ase rom, Sua saukuneebis mowesis wignuri warmodgenebis tenden-

cia, romelic misive faqtobrivi monacemebiT aSkaravdeba, cxadia.

is (tendencia) gasagebicaa, oRond gaugebaria, roca Cvens droSi

da Cvens pirobebSi aramcTu ar ZaluZT, aramed arc surT swored

imave klerikaluri konstruqciebisa da warmodgenebis tyveobidan

ganTavisufleba.

mosaxleoba. tao-klarjeTis samefos mosaxleobis Sesaxeb to-

karski aseT cnobebs awvdis mkiTxvelebs: `mosaxleobis ZiriTad

masas Seadgendnen somxebi, romlebic aq qalkedonelTa odinde-

li mimdevrebi iyvnen. maT... qarTvel axalmosaxleTa gverdigverd

cxovrebisas, romlebic IX saukuneSi gamoCndnen arabTagan da ep-

idemiebisagan gaCanagebul mxareSi, nel-nela daiwyes denacionali-

zeba~ (gv. 200-201). `X saukunis meore naxevris taiqis arqiteqtu-

ruli skola Seiqmna im pirobebSi, roca somexi mosaxleobis didi

jgufi miTiTebuli mizezebis gamo sabolood gamoiyo damoukideb-

el saxelmwifo organizmad: da Tumca es organizmi ZirZveli mo-

saxleobis gaqarTvelebis gamo ukve miiswrafoda Camoyalibebuli

gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi

masa, miuxedavad sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa, jerac mravali ZafiT

iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis TanamemamuleebTan~ (gv. 213); da kidev, to-

karski laparakobs: `... Zvel somxur qalkedonitur olqze taiqze,

romelmac Zalian nela daiwyo gaqarTveleba, aq IX saukuneSi qa-

rTvel axalmosaxleTa gamoCenis Semdeg~ (gv. 95). amrigad, tokar-

skis rom hkiTxo, tao-klarjeTis samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad

82 simon janaSia

da ZirZvel masas Seadgendnen somxebi, romlebic X saukunis meore

naxevarSi gamoiyvnen damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad mxolod

da mxolod religiur uTanxmoebaTa Sedegad: qalkedonis krebis

dadgenilebaTa aRiarebis sakiTxma sabediswerod gaxliCa somxebi

or Seurigebel jgufad, romelTac ar SeeZloT erT politikur

WerqveS erTad cxovreba. amasTan, rogorc Cveulebriv, irkveva, rom

somexTa tao-klarjeTis jgufi `sarwmunoebaSi gansxvavebis miuxe-

davad, jerac mravali ZafiT iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis Tanamemamulee-

bTan~.

avtori verc erT faqts ver asaxelebs Tavisi debulebis sasarge-

blod da verc SeZlebs dasaxelebas, ramdenadac aseTi faqtebi ar

arsebobs. yvela monacemi sapirispiroze metyvelebs, uwinares yov-

lisa, unda mivuTiToT, rom tokarskis mtkiceba ususuria logi-

kuri TvalsazrisiTac. ranairad moxda, rom mosaxleobis `ZiriTa-

di~ da `ZirZveli~ masa, romelic Tanac mravali ZafiT iyo sakuTriv

somxeTTan dakavSirebuli, imdenad daemorCila ricxobrivad mcire

qarTvel axalmosaxleTa gavlenas, rom sulac gaqarTvelda? tao-

klarjeTelma somxebma raRa maincdamainc qarTuli gavlena gani-

cades? berZnul-aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba, an sxva sityve-

biT, qalkedonitoba (diofizitoba), romelic, tokarskis mixedviT,

iyo erTaderTi damakavSirebeli rgoli tao-klarjeTel somxebsa

da qarTvelebs Soris, xom ufro metwilad aerTianebda am somxebs

bizantiel berZnebTan, ratom moxda am somxebis asimilireba mainc-

damainc qarTvelebTan da ara berZnebTan? adgilobriv somexTa qa-

lkedonitoba xom mniSvnelovanwilad bizantiis politikuri ze-

wolis Sedegi iyo, da es zewola IX-X saukuneebSic grZeldeboda.

SesaZloa, am Seuwynarebeli winaaRmdegobis Serbilebis mizniT

ambobs tokarski yrud, rom qarTveli axalmosaxleebi gamoCndnen

`arabebisa da epidemiebisagan gaCanagebul mxareSi~, magram Tuki es

gaCanageba Seexo mosaxleobas da iq imdenad Seasusta somxuri el-

ementi, rom qarTvelebs daubrkoleblad SeaZlebina, mdgomareo-

bis baton-patroni gamxdariyvnen, maSin tokarskis yvela Semdgomi

mtkiceba, romlebiTac mkiTxvels upirebs azris Canergvas somx-

uri kulturis Seuwyveteli memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb, sruliad

dausabuTebeli aRmoCndeba. ar iyvnen kulturis matareblebi _ ar

iyo arc TviT kultura.

simarTle isaa, rom mosaxleobis ZiriTadi, mkvidri masa tao-

klarjeTis teritoriebze odiTgan qarTuli iyo eniTa da kultur-

iT, xolo somxebi, Tuki isini sadme iyvnen, warmoadgendnen swored

axalmosaxleebs. somex axalmosaxleTa arseboba SeiZleba davuSvaT,


umTavresad, speris, basianisa da samxreT taosaTvis. safiqrebelia,

rom samxreT taos es axalmosaxleni im emigrantebis saxiT moawyd-

nen, romlebic somexi xalxisaTvis araCveulebrivad mZime xaneb-

Si, V-VII saukuneebSi sparsTa da arabTa batonobisas, aq saimedo

TavSesafars eZebdnen. qarTvelebTan maT asimilacias xels uwyobda

is garemoebac, rom mosulni ricxobrivad ufro cotani iyvnen, vi-

dre am mxaris aborigenebi. am udavo faqtebis raime sxva gonivruli

axsnis warmodgena namdvilad SeuZlebelia.

TviT somxuri istoriografia adasturebs am erTaderT daskvnas.

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom meSvide saukunis somxuri wyaroebi CrdiloeT

taos, kerZod, mtkvris saTaveebis raions _ kolas, ganixilaven, ro-

gorc qarTul teritorias.

taos mflobeli feodaluri saxli, somxuri aristokratiis

pirvel rigebSi dawinaurebuli mamikonianebi, TavianTi warmomav-

lobiT miekuTvnenodnen WanTa qarTul toms, rogorc amas aRiarebs

da specialurad asabuTebs axali somxuri istoriografiis udide-

si warmomadgeneli, profesori adonci.11

upriani iqneba tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis Taobaze sakiTxis

ganxilva davukavSiroT aq gamefebul bagrationTa, anu bagratidTa

dinastiis sakiTxs.

bagratidebze tokarski wers: ̀ somxeTSi odiTgan gavleniT sarge-

blobda bagratidebis (gabratunebis) Tavaduri gvari... 755 wlis

arabTa winaaRmdeg warumatebeli ajanyebis Semdeg... bagratidebi

wavidnen somxeTis dasavleT raionebSi, romlebic Woroxis auzSi

arian ganlagebulni~ (gv. 135). `Sirakis bagratidebis gaZlierebas-

Tan erTad, romlebmac IX saukunis meore naxevarSi mefis gvirg-

vini daidges, xdeba am gvaris artanujuli Stos samflobeloTa ga-

farToeba saqarTvelos mxares, sadac maT saTave daudes dinastias,

romelic marTavda qarTul samefos misi arsebobis dasasrulamde~

(XIX saukunis dasawyisi!), (gv. 135-136).

bagratidebs sulac ar sWirdeboda wasvla ̀ Woroxis auzSi ganla-

gebul dasavleT raionebSi~, imitom, rom maTi sakuTari feodaluri

adgil-mamulebi swored aq iyo. udavoa, da es somxuri wyaroebiTac

dasturdeba, rom bagratidebi warmoSobiT ZvelqarTuli provin-

ciidan, speridan iyvnen. cnobili somexi mwerali movses xorenaci

gadmogvcems im Sexedulebebs, romlebic misi drois somxur sazoga-

doebaSi batonobda somxeTSi bagratunebad wodebuli bagratidebis

warmomavlobis Taobaze. Tavisi `somxeTis istoriis~ pirveli wig-

nis 22-e TavSi xorenaci wers: `...zogierTi arasando kaci ambobs _

TviTneburad, WeSmaritebis gauTvaliswineblad _ TiTqos bagratun-

84 simon janaSia

Ta gvirgvinosani gvari haikidan wamoiSva. amaze vityvi: ar daujero

aseT briyvul nalaparakevs; vinaidan am sityvebSi simarTlis niSan-

wyalic ar aris. isini uazrod da uTavbolod layboben haiksa da

misnairebze; oRond icode, rom saxeli sambati, rasac bagratunebi

xSirad arqmevdnen TavianT vaJebs, aris sakuTriv Sambati maT pirvan-

del, ese igi ebraul enaze~. bagratidebis gvaris fuZemdebelze xo-

renaci imave TavSi gvamcnobs: àmboben, TiTqos hraCeaim gamosTxova

nabuqodonosors erT-erTi mTavari datyvevebuli ebraeli da moiyva-

na... istorikosis TqmiT, misgan warmodgeba bagratunebis gvari _ da

es sworia~.12 imave naSromis meore wignis 37-e da 63-e Tavebidan Cans,

rom bagratidebis sagvareulo mamuli sperSi mdebareobda, xolo

maTi mTavari rezidencia _ cixe-simagre baiberdSi, amJamad qalaqi

baiburdi,13 xolo rac Seexeba mosaxleobasa da mis enas bagratidebis

samflobeloebSi, amis Sesaxeb xorenaci kidev ufro saintereso cno-

bebs gvawvdis. xorenacis konstruqciis Tanaxmad, sparseTis (parTiis)

mefem arSakma somxeTis mefed daniSna vaRarSaki, romelmac daamyara,

rogorc SeeZlo, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi Cvens miwa-wyalze, daawesa

sanaxararoebi, romelTa meTaurad daniSna sasargeblo kacebi Cveni

winapris, haikis STamomavalTagan da sxvaTa (gvarTagan)... upirvelesad

igi asaCuqrebs Zlevamosil da brZen moRvawes ebraelTagan _ Samba

bagarats da mis gvars aZlevs uflebas arSakidebs gvirgvini daad-

gas da misi saxelis mixedviT bagratunad iwodebodes... es bagarati...

dainiSna mefisnacvlad da aTiaTasobiT meomris ufrosad somxeTis

dasavleT sazRvrebze, sadac ukve aRar gaismis somxuri ena.14 amrigad,

jer kidev VIII an IX saukuneSi, ra drosac mkvlevarTa umravlesoba

akuTvnebs xorenacis ìstoriis~ gamoCenas, uganaTlebulesi somxebi

angariSs uwevdnen, rogorc udavos, bagratidebis arasomxuri war-

moSobisa da mdinare Woroxis Sua da zemo welTa teritoriebis ara-

somxuri dasaxlebis faqts.

bagrationTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad igive warmodgena

moiZieba bizantiur da ZvelqarTul wyaroebSi. bizantiis imperato-

ri konstantine porfirogeneti Tavis TxzulebaSi ̀ xalxTa Sesaxeb~,

saxeldobr, 45-e TavSi saTauriT ìberielTa Sesaxeb~ (an, sxvanairi

gamoTqmiT: ìverielTa~, ìvirielTa~; berZnebi, rogorc cnobilia,

ase uwodebdnen qarTvelebs), gviambobs: ùnda vicodeT, rom iviri-

elebi, ese igi iverielebi kurapalatisa imiT iwoneben Tavs, rom

uriis im colisgan warmodgebian, romelzec ukanonod daqorwinda

winaswarmetyveli da mefe daviTi... isini amboben, rom ierusalimi-

dan iyvnen is daviTi da misi Zma spandiati, romelma spandiatmac,

rogorc isini amboben, RvTisgan miiRo wyaloba, rom omSi xmliT sx-


eulis verc erT nawils ver ganugmiraven, garda gulisa, romelsac

omSi ifaravda kidec romeliRac aRWurvilobiT. amis gamo eSinodaT

misi sparselebs. man ki daamarcxa da daimorCila isini da (Tavisi)

ivirieli Tvistomni Zneladmisadgom adgilebSi daasaxla, axla

rom ukaviaT; aqedan daiwyes maT nel-nela gavrceleba da gamrav-

leba da did xalxad iqcnen... mas aqeT, rac isini ierusalimidan im

miwaze gadasaxldnen, amJamad rom binadroben, gavida 400-500 weli

axlandel dromde, ese igi samyaros Seqmnidan 6460 wlis me-10 in-

diqtionamde~ (ese igi, Cveni eris 952 weli _ s. j.), (cit. gamoc. gv.

162-163).

tao-klarjeTis mkvidri, konstantine porfirogenetis Taname-

drove gamoCenili qarTveli mwerali giorgi merCule `mefe aSot

kurapalats~, bagrationTa tao-klarjeTis xazis mamamTavars, uwo-

debs `xelmwifes, winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTiT mironcxebulis, da-

viTis saxeldebul Zes~.15

daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavlebad Tvlis bagrationebs

Zveli qarTveli istorikosi juanSeric. sagvareulo mematiane sum-

bat bagrationi ki, romelmac Tavisi gvaris istoriisaTvis erT-er-

Ti yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro dagvitova, dawvrilebiT aviTarebs

imave genealogias XI saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi.

artanujul, anu tao-klarjeTis mflobel saxls IX saukunis

dasawyisSi saZirkveli Cauyara xsenebulma aSot kurapalatma, ro-

melic aq Tbilisidan movida, sadac maRali posti eWira, magram

arabebs waeCxuba. misi gamoisobiT, ambobs merCule `damyarda qa-

rTvelebze aSotisa da misi vaJebis batonoba (`mTavroba~) saukunis

bolomde~.16

am saxlisa da TviT samTavros istoria, agreTve, kargad aris

cnobili qarTuli, bizantiuri, somxuri da arabuli wyaroebis

mixedviT. Tbilisidan gaqceuli aSoti Tavdapirvelad klarjeTSi

mkvidrdeba da Tavis rezidenciad Zvel qarTul qalaqs artanujs

irCevs, _ sadac mSeneblobas jer kidev V saukuneSi eweoda cnobili

qarTveli mefe vaxtang gorgasali. ramdenadac es teritoria maSin

politikurad bizantiis sazRvrebSi Sedioda, aSoti imperators

Tavis seniorad acxadebs. aqedan aris bizantiuri samefo karis wo-

debebi tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa gvarSi, maT ricxvSi umaRle-

sic _ `kurapalati~; Tumca, TandaTanobiT aSotis STamomavlebi,

faqtobrivad, Tavisufldebian am vasaluri damokidebulebisagan da

X saukuneSi siuzerenuli mmarTvelebi xdebian, Tanac adrindel

titulebs inarCuneben, pirvel yovlisa, kurapalatis tituls,

romelsac gvaris ufrosi atarebda.

86 simon janaSia

tao-klarjeTSi adre yalibdeba Taviseburi saufliswulo wy-

obileba, romelic kievis ruseTis wyobilebas gvagonebs, magram,

amasTanave, aq mravalricxovan mTavarTa ierarqia erTob mkafiod

aris gamokveTili. mTeli samefos meTauris tituli gaxlavT qarT-

velTa kurapalati, rac dadasturebulia yvela zemodasaxelebuli

wyaroTi. IX saukunis bolosaTvis aqve Cndeba qarTvelTa mefis

tituli, momdevno saukunis bolos ki _ mefeT-mefisa. es politi-

kuri mdgomareoba naTlad aisaxa merCulis TxzulebaSi, romelic

mogviTxrobs, rom `cxovreba (grigol xanZTelisa) dawerilia 90

wlis Semdeg misi aRsrulebidan, 6554 wels samyaros dasawyisidan

(950 wels axali eriT)... qarTvelebze aSot kurapalatis (garda-

icvala 954 wels), adarnerses Zis (igulisxmeba adarnase II kura-

palatis Ze aSot II _ mTg.), qarTvelTa mefis batonobisas... eri-

sTavT erisTavis sumbatis, mefe adarnerses Zis dReebSi, adarnerses,

magistr bagratis Zis, magistrobisas, roca erisTavi iyo sumbati,

mamfal daviTis Ze~...17

samTavros damaarseblis aSotis STamomavloba IX saukunis mi-

wurulsa da X saukuneSi warmodgenilia ori StoTi: klarjeTu-

liT, anu artanujuliT, romelsac saTave daudo aSotis ufrosma

Zem adarnasem, da taos StoTi, romlis winapari gaxlavT aSotis

SuaTana Ze, kurapalati bagrat I. merCules CanawerebSi moxsenieb-

uli pirveli sami mbrZanebeli taos Stos warmomadgenelia, bolo,

sumbati, _ artanujulisa.

tao-klarjeTis bagrationebma jer kidev IX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad gaafarToves TavianT samflobeloTa saz-

Rvrebi, samefos TandaTan Semates miwebi mtkvris zeda welis gay-

olebiT _ kola, artaani, javaxeTi, samcxe da Woroxis gaswvrivac,

sadac, kerZod, taoc daikaves, swored es miwebi gaiyves erTmaneTSi

aSotis STamomavlebma.

ramdenadac tokarski specialurad aris dainteresebuli am mx-

aris mdgomareobiT swored X saukuneSi, Cvenc mivmarToT mocemul

periods. X saukunis dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTis samefos saTaveSi

udgas adarnase II (888-923), aSot I-is SvilTaSvili (aSot I kura-

palati _ bagrat I kurapalati _ daviT I kurapalati _ adar-

nase II kurapalati). imperatori konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs

mogviTxrobs masze Tavis TxzulebaSi `xalxTa Sesaxeb~, uwodebs ra

`adranasirs, saqarTvelos (iveriis) kurapalats~ (asea samjer),18 an

Zalian xSirad _ ubralod kurapalats, Tan am wodebiT aRniSnavs

mxolod da mxolod tao-klarjeTis mpyrobels axlo aRmosavle-

Tis yvela sxva mpyrobelTagan gansxvavebiT.


adarnase II-s axlos icnobda, agreTve, somexi kaTalikosi da is-

torikosi ioane drasxanakerteci, romelic erTxans adarnases karze

stumrobda, roca iZulebuli Seiqna samSoblo daetovebina arabTa

morigi Semosevis Sedegad. ioanesaTvis adarnase gaxlavT `qarTvelTa

didi mTavari~ (adreul periodSi), an `qarTvelTa didi kurapalati~

(adarnase ase orjer iwodeba ioanes teqstSi), an `qarTuli qveynis

mefe~, an ̀ qarTveli mefe~ (asea 14-jer), an ubralod kurapalati (or-

jer).19 ioane moxazavs tao-klarjeTis samefos sazRvrebsac ise, rom

saeWvos arafers xdis. ase magaliTad, ioane gviambobs, rom arabTagan

devnili mefe sumbati Tavisi domenidan, Sirakidan, gaiqca megobris

adarnase kurapalatis samflobeloebSi mdebare taiqis gamagrebul

adgilebSi.20 ioane taos sxva SemTxvevaSic miakuTvnebs adarnases sam-

flobeloebs.21 dabolos, igive avtori somexi mefis tragikul bedze

saubrisas, gvamcnobs, rom arabTa mxedarTmTavarma `sdia mefe sum-

bats, fexdafex mihyva, sdia qarTvelTa qveynamde, sanam sumbati ar

Seefara klarjeTis miudgomel cixe-simagreebs~.22 maSasadame, X sau-

kunis ociani wlebis mowinave somexTaTvis tao (somxurad taiqi) da

klarjeTi udavod qarTuli olqebi iyo.

ase weren adarnases Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi; Cveni

Tanamedrove zogierTi istorikosi (tokarski!) ki wers: `X sau-

kunis dasawyisSi, qarTuli qronikebis mowmobiT, qarTvelma mefem

adarnasem mezobeli taiqis eparqiaSi, sofel banaSi (amJamad fenia-

ki) aaSena taZari~ (gv. 98). adarnasesaTvis tao `mezobeli eparqia~

yofila! ramdenad aris es marTali Tundac subieqturad, SeiZleba

davinaxoT iqidanac, rom ramdenime frazis qvemoT, tokarski, uc-

nauri windauxedaobiT, wers: `...ara Soreul vaRarSapatSi, aramed

TavisTan, taiqSi miagno adarnasem im nimuSs, romlis gadmoRebac

gadawyvita~ (igulisxmeba iSxani).

ioane drasxanakertecma (sxvaTa Soris, iseve, rogorc imperator-

ma konstantinem) kargad icis qarTvel bagrationTa meore, politi-

kuri azriT, umcrosi _ artanujuli, anu klarjeTuli Stoc, rom-

lis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgeneli mis dros gaxldaT iSxanTa

iSxani (`erisTavT-erisTavi~) gurgeni. ioane mas uwodebs `qarTvelTa

did mTavars~, an ubralod `qarTvelTa mTavars~, xolo gurgenis sau-

fliswulo samflobeloebs mtkvris zemo welis gayolebiT da sxva

raionebSic, agreTve, `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ akuTvnebs.23

adarnase II kurapalats oTxi Ze hyavda (rac cnobili iyo imper-

ator konstantinesTvisac), romlebic morigeobiT iRebdnen tao-

klarjeTis marTva-gamgeobis sadaveebs da Sesabamis titulebs. ase

magaliTad, TviT imperatorma konstantine porfirogenetma kura-

88 simon janaSia

palatis wodeba, anu, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `kurapalatis

mamobrivi wodeba~ uwyaloba meore Zes, aSot II.24

imperator konstantinesaTvis, romelic 952 wels wers samxreT

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tao-klarjeli bagrationebi qarTvelebi ari-

an, anu iverielebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi, agreTve, qarTvelebi, maTi

qveyana _ saqarTvelo, anu iveria. misi naSromis `xalxTa Sesaxeb~,

ori Tavi, romlebic samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis mflobel saxls

eZRvneba, Sesabamisad aris dasaTaurebuli: `qarTvelTa Sesaxeb~ da

`qarTvelTa gvartomobisa da cixe-simagre artanujis Sesaxeb~.

konstantinesTan damowmebulia tao-klarjel bagrationTa

erovnuli TviTSegnebac. ityobineba ra imperator leonis, impera-

tor romanozisa da Tavisi sakuTari mcdelobis Sesaxeb _ miiRon

bagrationTagan maTi cixe-simagre kecei, `raTa purs iq ar Rebu-

lobdes Teodosiopoli (erzerumi)~, romelic am dros arabTa xel-

Sia, konstantine gviambobs, bizantieli xelisufalni rogor arw-

munebdnen kurapalatsa da mis Zmebs, rom Teodosiopolis aRebisas

isini maT miscemdnen am cixe-simagres, magram qarTvelebs ar un-

dodaT amis gakeTeba TeodosiopolelTa siyvarulis gamo da imi-

tomac, rom ar evnoT qalaq TeodosiopolisaTvis, magram isini

upasuxebdnen baton romanozsa da Cvens udidebulesobas: `Cven rom

es CavidinoT, SevrcxvebiT Cvens mezoblebTan, saxeldobr, Cvens mag-

istrosTan da abazgiis mpyrobelTan, vasparukanis mpyrobelTan da

somexTa mpyrobelebTan, vinaidan isini ityvian, rom imperatori ar

endoba qarTvelebs (iverebs), _ kurapalatsa da mis Zmebs~...25

swored am saxlis warmomadgeneli gaxldaT saxelganTqmuli da-

viT III kurapalati, adarnase II SvilTaSvili da misi gvirgvinos-

ani vaJebis Zmis SviliSvili: mefe daviT II (gardaicvala 937 wels),

aSot II kurapalatisa (gardaicvala 954 wels) da sumbat kurapal-

atisa (gardaicvala 958 wels). daviT III papa, bagrati, adarnase II

vaJi, magistrosis titulis matarebeli, 945 wels gardaicvala ise,

rom ver moeswro kurapalatis wodebas, romelsac am dros ufro-

sobis mixedviT flobda aSot II. samagierod, dakmayofilda misi (es

igi, magistros bagratis) vaJi adarnase III, tao-klarjeTis uzenaesi

mpyrobeli da qarTvelTa kurapalati 958-961 wlebSi. Cven mier ze-

moT moyvanili merCules Canaweri adarnasesac axsenebs: am Canaweris

Sesrulebis momentSi (950-951 wlebi) adarnase jer mxolod mag-

istrosi gaxldaT; erT-erTi misi biZaTagani aSot II kurapalati

da tao-klarjeTis saxelmwifos meTauri iyo, meore ki, sumbati _

erisTavT-erisTavi. adarnase III memkvidre misi saxelganTqmuli vaJi

daviT III (961-1001 wlebi) gaxda.


sinamdviles ar Seefereba tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos daviT III-s

`arasdros ar etarebinos mefis tituli (gv. 200)~. TiTqos man saku-

Tari TaosnobiT ̀ Tqva uari Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze, Tavisi mamulebi

bagrat III gadaeca~ (gv. 201), TiTqos `daviTis mmarTveloba raime se-

riozuli saomari ambebiT ar yofila damZimebuli~.

ai, daviT III mefobis faqtebi, rasakvirvelia, erTob mokled gad-

mocemuli.

adarnase III kurapalats hyavda ori Ze: ufrosi _ erisTavT-eri-

sTavi bagrati da umcrosi _ magistrosi daviTi. tao-klarjeTis

bagrationTa Soris ZvelTaganve dadgenili tradiciis Tanaxmad,

ukve am dros daviT III, Zmis sworfrad, mamaze rom ara vTqvaT ra,

agreTve, unda wodebuliyo mefed da marTlac, oSkis taZris farTod

cnobil qarTul samSeneblo warweraSi vkiTxulobT: ̀ ...Cvenma RvTiT

kurTxeulma mefeebma daiwyes am wmida taZris mSenebloba... am didma

mefeebma Cvenma... RvTiT dalocvili adarnase kurapalatis saxsre-

biT, erisTavT-erisTavma bagratma da magistrma daviTma, dae, wmida

samebis marjvena iyos samives mfarveli~26... Satberdis moRvawe ioane

bera, romelmac 973 wels `parxlis oTxTavi~ (saxarebis qarTuli

Targmanis erT-erTi cnobili nusxa) gadawera parxalSi (samxreTi

tao) qarTuli monastrisaTvis, am xelnaweris minaweri axal monace-

mebs gvamcnobs, axsenebs ra `Cvens mefeebs, RvTiT gandidebul mefes

qarTvelTa bagrats, magistros daviTs, erisTavT-erisTavs sumbats

da RvTiT boZebul maT ZeTa~, da sxva adgilas: `RvTiT kurTxeul

mefeT mefes (dae, adidos ufalma!), RvTiT movlenil magistros da-

viTs~.27 amrigad, 973 wels daviT III jerac magistrosad rCeba, ma-

gram ukve `mefeT mefis~ tituliT gamodis, rac pirvel SemTxvevas

warmoadgens tao-klarjeTis mbrZanebelTa istoriaSi.

es savsebiT Seesabameboda realur mdgomareobas: daviT III,

ufrore, vidre mamamisi da papebi, misi winamorbedi qarTveli kura-

palatebi, iyo mTeli samxreT saqarTvelos uzenaesi mpyrobeli. mas

`nebayoflobiT daemorCila yvela xelmwife~, rogorc ambobs davi-

Tis Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi stefanos taroneci.28 mflobel

mTavarTa Soris, romlebmac mefeT mefe daviT III siuzereniteti aRi-

ares, iyvnen araqarTveli, magaliTad, mezobeli somexi mflobelnic.

Semdeg daviTi `kurapalatis~ titulsac iRebs. es xdeba, al-

baT, 978-979 wlebSi. `qarTvel kurapalats~ uwodebs daviTs, iseve,

rogorc stefanos taroneci, somexi istorikosi aristakes lasti-

verteci, romelic daviTis Sesaxeb gviambobs skliarosis cnobil

ajanyebasa da daviTis memkvidreobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.29 aseve

bizantieli istorikosebic: kedrene daviTs ̀ qarTvelebis arqonts~30

90 simon janaSia

uwodebs, zonara ki ufro sworad _ `kurapalats~, romlis sam-

flobeloebi `saqarTveloSi mdebareobs~.31 somxur istoriogra-

fiaSi swori cnobebi daviT III Sesaxeb saukuneebis manZilze Semogve-

naxa: ase magaliTad, maTe edesecTan (XII saukune) daviTi naxsenebia,

rogorc `kurapalati, saqarTvelos mmarTveli~.32

daviT III gavlena Zalian swrafad izrdeboda. meore cnobil qar-

Tul xelnawerSi `samoTxe~, romelic oSkSia gadawerili, 977 wlis

erTi Canaweri daviTs jer kidev uwodebs `Cvens mefes, magistros

daviTs~, sxva Canaweri ki, romelic pirvelze ramdenime wliT gvi-

andelia, ukve `Zlevamosil da sruliad daumarcxebel daviT kura-

palatad~ an mTeli aRmosavleTis kurapalatadac ki moixseniebs.33

bizantiis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis Sedegad moxda daviT mefis ax-

ali, erTob sagrZnobi gaZliereba, ramac imperatoris taxti barda

skliarosis xelyofisagan ixsna. konstantinopolis karis TxovniT

daviTma meamboxe mxedarTmTavris winaaRmdeg 12 aTasi rCeuli mxe-

dari gagzavna, romlebmac makedonielTa dinastiisadmi erTgulad

STenil jarebTan erTad gaanadgures skliarosi halisis napirebTan

979 wlis gazafxulze. madlierma bizantiis mTavrobam gaweuli dax-

marebisaTvis daviTs, rogorc amas stefanos taroneci ityobineba,

uzarmazari teritoria dauTmo: karinis (amJamad erzerumis) mxare,

misi mezobeli basianis (amJamad pasinis) mxare, harkisa da apahuni-

kis (vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT) mxareebi da sxv.34

daviTis samflobeloTa samxreT sazRvarma qalaq erzinjanTan

gadainacvla. garda amisa, qarTulma jarebma veeberTela nadavli

igdes xelT, romlis nawili aTonze (qalkedoniis naxevarkunZuli)

codnisa da ganaTlebis cnobili Suasaukuneobrivi qarTuli cen-

tris mSeneblobas moxmarda. am gamarjvebis Sesaxeb qarTul wyaroe-

bSi mravali cnoba gveguleba. kerZod, zarzmis taZris (samcxeSi)

qarTuli warwera gvauwyebs: `roca saberZneTSi skliarosi ajanyda,

daviT kurapalati (RmerTma adidos igi!) daexmara wminda mefeebs da

yvelani salaSqrod gagvagzavna. Cven skliarosi ukuvaqcieT...~35

Semdgom ki erTi didi marcxi mouvida daviTs: gareuli aRmoCnda

axal (fokas) ajanyebaSi imperator basilis winaaRmdeg. vinaidan

ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, daviTi iZulebuli Seiqna imperatori-

saTvis sakuTari samflobeloebi aReTqva gardacvalebis Semdeg. ase

mogviTxrobs am faqtebis Sesaxeb arabi istorikosi iahia antioqe-

li.36 safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom daviTis am anderZSi laparaki

iyo bizantiisgan swored axladmiRebul mxareebze. faqtobrivad, es

miwebi bizantiurma jarebma mxolod daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg

daikaves.


daviTi mgznebare qarTveli patrioti iyo da zogadqarTul saq-

meebsac aqtiurad hkidebda xels, axlo aRmosavleTSi erTob didi

interesebiTa da movaleobebiT gadatvirTvis miuxedavad daviT III

yvela qarTuli mxaris gaerTianebis mTavar iniciatorad da orga-

nizatorad mogvevlina. gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefos taxtze

man Tavisi aRzrdili (daviTi uSvilo gaxldaT) da axlo naTesavi

bagrat III bagrationi dasva, amasTan, saxalxod ganacxada (qarTve-

li istorikosis damowmebiT): `ese ars taos, qarTlisa da afxaze-

Tis memkvidre, Ze da aRzrdili Cemi, me ki misi mzrunveli da Semwe

var. yvela morCilebdeT mas~. daviTis es saqcieli upasuxebda saqa-

rTveloSi obieqturad Camoyalibebul pirobebs da sruli warmate-

biTac dagvirgvinda.

sxvanairad (da, rasakvirvelia, winaaRmdegobrivad, rogorc yo-

velTvis) xsnis movlenebs tokarski: `qarTuli saxelmwifos (qar-

Tli da afxazeTi) gaerTianebas saTave daedo, _ wers igi, _ davi-

Tis erTob qmediTi monawileobiT, romelmac Tavisi samflobeloebi

Tavdapirvelad bagrat III-s uanderZa, Tumca es anderZi sikvdilis

win imperator basilis sasargeblod Seicvala. taos feodalis ase-

Ti damoukidebeli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreboda im gansakuTrebuli

mizezebiT, romlebic mas xels uSlida mezobel saqarTvelosTan an

somxeTTan gaerTianebuliyo. mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas Seadgend-

nen somxebi, romlebic aq qalkedonitTa odindeli momxreebi iyvnen

(aqedan gamovida VII saukuneSi cnobili kaTalikosi nerses aRm-

Senebeli). amas, ra Tqma unda, ar SeeZlo xeli Seewyo aRorZinebul

somxur samefoSi maTi SesvlisaTvis. isini Tavs gacilebiT axlos

grZnobdnen erTmorwmune saqarTvelosTan da, raki qarTvel axalmo-

saxleebTan gverdigverd cxovrobdnen, romlebic IX saukuneSi ga-

moCndnen arabebisa da epidemiebisagan aoxrebul mxareSi, nel-nela

iwyes denacionalizeba. saqarTvelosTan gaerTianeba am procesis

gaZlierebasa da daCqarebas emuqreboda. SesaZloa, amitomac Tqva da-

viTma uari Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze Tavisi miwebi bagrat III-isaTvis

gadaeca~ (gv. 200-201). mkiTxveli kvlav sagonebelSia Cavardnili:

erTi mxriv, daviTi ̀ erTob qmediT monawileobas~ iRebs saqarTvelos

gaerTianebaSi, meore mxriv _ am gaerTianebas gadamwyvet dartymas

ayenebs, roca Tavis samflobeloebs bizantiel imperators uander-

Zebs im erTaderTi mosazrebiT, rom saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebiT

misi saxelmwifo SeiZleba sabolood gaqarTveldes. mkiTxvels

ebadeba kiTxva, Tu rogor ver SeZlo misi xalxisaTvis damuqre-

bul aseT momakvdinebel safrTxes mixvedriliyo ori aTwleuliT

adre egzom `Wkviani, energiuli~, `saxelganTqmuli~, `gamoCenili

92 simon janaSia

taoeli mmarTveli~ (tokarskis gansazRvrebebia), rogoric daviT

kurapalati iyo. Tumca aq Cven gvaqvs is iSviaTi SemTxveva, roca to-

karskis faqtebi mohyavs Tavisi debulebis dasasabuTeblad. ai, ras

gvamcnobs igi sakuTari Tezisis dasamtkiceblad: `taos kurapala-

tis gansakuTrebulma mdgomareobam asaxvac ki hpova mis monetebSi,

romelTa erT-erTi iSviaTi egzemplari leningradSi, saxelmwifo

ermitaJSi inaxeba. im dros, rodesac bagrat III-is monetebi saqarT-

veloSi mimoqcevaSi myof dirhemebs hbaZavs arabuli legendebis aR-

dgeniTac ki, daviTis monetebis pirs aqvs warwera ̀ qriste, Seiwyale

daviTi~, zurgs ki _ jvris gamosaxuleba mis Stoebs Soris asoebiT,

romlebic ikiTxeba, rogorc sityva `kurapalati~ (gv. 201). sul

esaa, oRond Tavs nebas mivcemT am faqtebs erTic mivumatoT, tokar-

skisgan miCumaTebuli: warwerebi daviT kurapalatis monetebze (da

ara mxolod monetebze) qarTuladaa gakeTebuli. amgvarad, tokar-

skis mixedviT, daviT kurapalatis monetebi, originaluri nimuSis

monetebi, qristianuli emblemiTa da qarTuli warwerebiT, davi-

Tis antiqarTul ganwyobebs mowmobs, misi memkvidris bagrat III-is,

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis monetebi ki, Seqmnili arabuli

monetebis mibaZviT da arabuli warwerebis mqone _ sapirispiros

mowmobs. Tu tokarskis es msjeloba fundamenturobiT ar gamoirCe-

va, samagierod ueWvelad originaluria.

kultura. mTeli es Zaldataneba sayovelTaod cnobil faqtebze,

maTi saocrad damaxinjebuli saxiT warmodgena tokarskis sWird-

eba damatebiTi miznebisaTvis, romlebsac mecnierebasTan araferi

aqvs saerTo. aqamde iTvleboda, rom tao-klarjeTis arqiteqtura

aris qarTuli arqiteqturis organuli nawili, tokarski cdilobs

ukuagdos mecnierebaSi mtkiced damkvidrebuli warmodgena; Tumca

aq gabeduleba Ralatobs, TiTqmis sul laparakobs mecnieri mu-

SakisaTvis uRirsad _ gadakvriTa da qaragmulad, magram mkiTxvels

momabezreblad unergavs savsebiT garkveul azrs.

roca tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis originalobis yalb dam-

cvelad gamodis (`...saxelovani taos kurapalatis mfarvelobiT mis

samflobeloebSi X saukuneSi Seiqmna TviTmyofadi arqiteqturuli

skola, romelmac TvalsaCino xuroTmoZRvrebi mogvca~, an `somx-

eTisa da saqarTvelos arqiteqturis Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba arc

CvenTvis saintereso mxareTa Zeglebis ignorireba, arc erT-erTi

am qveynis arqiteqturisaTvis miwera mxolod saxelmwifo kuT-

vnilebis faqtis mixedviT~ (gv. 202-203), TandaTanobiT ikrebs ra

gabedulebis raRac elementebs, tokarski Wris mis mierve mogonili

tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis TviTmyofadobis fesvebs da Tavisi


saqmis dasrulebas crumecnierebis momaval msaxurT andobs, rom-

lebmac tokarskis damowmebisas, piradad TavianTi mxridanac unda

daumaton raime.

203-e gverdze tokarski wers: `iq, iSxanSi, VII saukuneSi somxur

garemoSi Caisaxa da pirvelad ganxorcielda zvartnocis, somex

xuroTmoZRvarTa erT-erTi saukeTeso qmnilebis, idea~. TviT iSxa-

nis taZris Taobaze ambobs: `taZari iSxanSi, agebuli VII saukuneSi

somexi kaTalikosis nerses aRmaSeneblis mier somxur sapatriarqo

taxtze mis aRsaydrebamde, pirvelad ganaxlda IX saukuneSi cno-

bili qarTveli moRvawis grigol xanZTelis mowafis, sabas (sabanis)

mier. safuZveli ara gvaqvs sabas RonisZiebebSi iseTi Zirfesviani

gadakeTeba davinaxoT, ris Sedegadac mrgvali taZari Cvens dReebamde

Semonaxul jvrisebr taZrad gadaqceuliyo... sabas dros iSxanSi

samSeneblo samuSaoebis mizani iyo mxolod taZris iseT mdgomareo-

baSi moyvana, rom masSi RvTismsaxureba SeZlebodaT. X saukunis Sua

wlebisaTvis nerses nageboba ukve imdenad iyo dangreuli, rom azri

ar hqonda mis aRdgenas, da daviTis dros mis adgilze axali taZari

aSenda... romlis sakurTxevelSi Zveli afsidis kolonada Sevida~

(gv. 205-206)... da rom am axali mSeneblobis amocana TiTqos is iyo,

rom ̀ oSkis tipis safuZvelze axali taZari aSenebuliyo, amave dros

SenarCunebuliyo Zveli afsida~ (gv. 207)... banis saxelganTqmul

taZarze, romelic, tokarskis aRiarebiT, qarTveli mefis adarnase

II-is mier iyo agebuli (g. n. CubinaSvili am Zegls VII saukunes mi-

awers), ufro adre iTqva, rom is ZiriTadad imeorebs zvartnocis

sqemas swored imave Zveli iSxanis eklesiis mibaZviT, saidanac gamom-

dinareobs zogadi debuleba: `yvela safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT,

rom ukve iSxanSi Caeyara saZirkveli erTi-ori aTwleuliT gvian

zvartnocSi ganmeorebul im axal gabedul kompozicias, romlis Se-

qmnis pativi uciloblad nersesTan momuSave somex xuroTmoZRvrebs

ekuTvnis~ (gv. 98-99), ese igi, Tu ufro garkveviT vityviT, es ners-

esTan, taos mkvidrTan momuSave somex xuroTmoZRvrebs SeuqmniaT aq,

iSxanSi, VII saukunis dasawyisSi, axali gabeduli arqiteqturuli

kompozicia. xaxulis saxelganTqmuli taZris Sida kedlebis sufTa

Tlis faqtTan dakavSirebiT, tokarskis uCndeba SekiTxva: `xom ar

iyo xaxulis eklesia aSenebuli Tavdapirvelad (mainc rodis? xaxu-

li xom, TviT tokarskis gancxadebiT, X saukunis bolosaa agebuli

_ s. j.) im antiqalkedonel somexTaTvis, romlebic ar cnobdnen

xatebsa da, maSasadame, moxatulobas, msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor

Sendeboda somxeTSi qalkedonuri eklesiebi~ (?! _ s. j.), (gv. 212).

amrigad, taoSi somex-qalkedonelTa garda, kidev aRmoCndebian so-

94 simon janaSia

mexi antiqalkedonelebi, ese igi iseTive somxebi, rogoric TviT

somxeTSi cxovrobdnen. tokarski aq sdums imaze, rom taZrebi Sida

kedlebis sufTa TliT saqarTvelos mraval sxva raionSic moiZeveba.

yvelafer amas Semdegi mtkicebebi agvirgvinebs: `...ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi, romlebiTac xdeboda arqiteqturuli azris gan-

viTareba saqarTvelosken mswrafi daviTis samflobeloebsa da

bagratidTa samefoSi, erTmaneTs emTxveoda; maTi ostatebi, al-

baT, megobrulad, mxardamxar muSaobdnen. kedlebisa da gumbaTebis

morTulobaSi mTavar rols asrulebs naxevarsvetebi da TaRebiani

pilastrebi, romelTa istoria jer kidev nersesis nagebobebidan

iwyeba. erTnairia fanjrebis Semkulobis xerxebic... imavdroulad

Cndeba afrebis Taviseburi mopirkeTeba... X saukunis meore naxevris

taos arqiteqturuli skola Seiqmna im pirobebSi, roca somexi mo-

saxleobis didi jgufi aRniSnuli mizezebiT sabolood Camoyali-

bda damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad; da, Tumca is mkvidri

mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis mimdinare procesis gamo ukve miilt-

voda Camoyalibebis gzaze damdgari gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelm-

wifosaken, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masa, miuxedavad sarwmunoebrivi

gansxvavebisa, jer kidev mravali ZafiT ukavSirdeboda Tavis Taname-

mamuleebs~ (gv. 213).

aq mkiTxvelma jer yuradReba unda miaqcios imas, rom `bagra-

tidebis samefo~ tokarskisTan aRniSnavs sakuTriv somxeTs,Semdeg

erT logikur jaWvad unda Sekras Cven mier wina or abzacSi amower-

ili tokarskis gamonaTqvamebi da misTvis sruliad aSkara gaxdeba

maRalprincipul mecnierebaSi istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis

es uprecedento SemTxveva _ mcdeloba, erTi erovnuli kulturis

ZeglTa didi kompleqsi meore erovnuli kulturis Zeglebad gaasa-

Ros.

ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT tokarskis varaudebis da mosaz-

rebaTa am TavSesaqcev gardaqmnebs. adre gvimtkicebdnen, rom tao-

klarjeTis mosaxleobas saqarTvelosTan mxolod sarwmunoeba aka-

vSirebda _ aRmosavluri marTlmadideblobis saerTo erTguleba;

rom rjulis es erTianoba tao-klarjeTis somxobas denaciona-

lizaciis procesis gaZlierebiTa da daCqarebiT emuqreboda; rom

am safrTxis sapirispirod daviT kurapalatma TiTqos xeli aiRo

Tavdapirvel ganzraxvaze, Tavisi samflobeloebi bagrat III-Tvis ga-

daeca, romelic TviTonve gamoacxada gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos

mefed; rom sarwmunoebaSi gansxvaveba xels uSlida tao-klarje-

Tis somxebs erT saxelmwifoSi ecxovraT danarCen somxebTan erTad.

axla ki irkveva, rom `daviTis samflobeloebi mainc miiltvodnen


saqarTvelosken~ da eg ki ara, `miiltvodnen Camoyalibebis gzaze

mdgari gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosaken~, raime sxva mizez-

iT ki ara, aramed swored `mkvidri mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis

procesis gamo~; rom tao-klarjeTis ̀ ZiriTadi masa~, somxuri masa,

romelic sarwmunoebrivma gansxvavebam aiZula `sabolood gamoyo-

filiyo damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad~, mainc, `miuxedavad

sarwmunoebaSi gansxvavebisa, kvlav mravali ZafiT iyo dakavSirebu-

li Tavis TanamemamuleebTan~, da dakavSirebuli iyo ise magrad, rom

magaliTad, taZrebis tao-klarjeli da sakuTriv somexi mSeneblebi,

im taZrebisa, romlebsac yvelaze axlo damokidebuleba swored

rjulis sakiTxebTan hqondaT, muSaobdnen megobrulad, xelixel-

Cakidebulni, maSin roca erTmorwmune saqarTvelos ostatebTan,

saqarTvelosi, romliskenac maTi samSoblo miiltvoda kidec, maT

ar hqondaT Sexebis araviTari wertilebi; rom, dabolos, tao-

klarjeTis somxebs SeeZloT, kacma rom Tqvas, arc gamoyofiliyvnen

damoukidebel saxelmwifo organizmad, radgan sarwmunoebaSi maTi

gansxvaveba aq erTob SezRudulad unda gavigoT, ramdenadac tao-

klarjeTis mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi tokarskim gamoaaSkarava

rjulis TvalsazrisiT ukve wminda somxuri mZlavri fenebi, rom-

lebic aranairad ar gansxvavdebian somxeTis centraluri raionebis

mosaxleobisagan _ somex-antiqalkedonelebisagan, romelTaTvisac,

Turme, Sendeboda kidec tao-klarjeTis udidesi da saukeTeso ekle-

siebi; oRond avtoris ZiriTadi idea aq ukve srulad aris gamoxat-

uli. ai, risTvis iyo saWiro es dausrulebeli gabmuli saubari

tao-klarjeTis teritoriul da eTnikur kuTvnilebaze. amisTvisve

iyo kidec saWiro eqvsidan erTi Tavi wignisa `Zveli somxeTis ar-

qiteqtura~ miZRvniliyo specialurad `X saukunis taos arqiteq-

turuli skolisaTvis!~.

amis Semdeg rogorRa unda gaismas mkiTxvelisaTvis tokarskis

Semdegi fraza, damaboloebeli Tavisa `X saukunis taos arqiteq-

turuli skola~, romlis bolo abzacebi zemoT iyo citirebuli;

`imisaTvis, rom sworad gavigoT X da XI saukuneebis amierkavkasiis

arqiteqturuli formebis ganviTarebis gzebi, saWiroa siyvaruliT,

winaswar akviatebuli mizandasaxulobis gareSe, gavyveT yvela im

Zvirfas Zafs, romelTaganac Seiskvna Woroxis auzSi `saerTo kavka-

siuri interesebis gauxsneli kvanZi~ (mari)~, (gv. 214). gana SeiZleba

warmovidginoT ufro araswori, ufro boroti, ufro winaswar akvi-

atebuli da calmxrivi gaxsna am ybadaRebuli `gauxsneli kvanZisa~?

im araspecialisti mkiTxvelis pativiscemidan gamomdinare, vinc

moklebulia specialuri traqtatebis kiTxvis SesaZleblobas, Tva-

96 simon janaSia

li gavadevnoT zogierT, WeSmaritad Zvirfas faqts tao-klatjeTis

mxaris arqiteqturisa da, mTlianad, kulturis istoriidan. yvela

qveynisa da xalxis arqiteqturis ZeglTa mkvlevarebi TavianTi ma-

salis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils Zvel nagebobaTa warwerebSi

xedaven.es warwerebi istoriis dokumentur wyaroebs miekuTvneba;

isini Zalian xSirad gvatyobineben Senobebis aRmarTvis drois,

pirovnebis, sazogadoebriv-politikuri mdgomareobisa da mSene-

belTa ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, iZlevian miTiTebebs im kulturul wreze,

romelsac mocemuli Zegli miekuTvneba da ase Semdeg. tokarski

yrud axsenebs tao-klarjeTis ZeglTa warwerebs, saerTod ar iy-

enebs maT, da mxolod oSkis warwerebze laparakobs gakvriT, Tan mis

Sinaarss arazustad gadmogvcems.37

miuxedavad mxaris tragikuli istoriisa, romelic ager ukve

oTx aswleulze metia, rac Turqebis xelSia, tao-klarjeTis Ze-

glebma Cvens dromde cota Zveli warwera rodi Semogvinaxes. maTi

Sekreba jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo, roca cno-

bilma somexma geografma aliSanma qarTulwarweriani didi eklesia

aRwera CanglSi (Cildiris raioni). Semdeg am saqmis erT-erT pi-

onerad mogvevlina swavluli somexi beri, veneciaSi mxiTaristTa

saZmos wevri, nerses sargisiani. igi Tavis amocanas, tokarskisagan

gansxvavebiT, marTlac rom gulianad mohkidebia. sargisiani darw-

munda, rom mis mier aTi wlis (1843-1853 wlebi) ganmavlobaSi Seg-

rovebuli yvela warwera Sesrulebulia qarTul enaze, romelsac

arasakmarisad flobda. swavlulma berma, imave aliSanis daxmarebiT,

Tavisi masala peterburgSi gaugzavna im drois cnobil qarTvelo-

logs akademikos broses, sakuTari ZalebiT gamoaqveyna warwerebis

aslebi JurnalSi ̀ bazmavepi~ (1863-64 wlebi). broses gamocemis gar-

da, Cven axla xelTa gvaqvs tao-klarjeTis epigrafikuli masalis

sxva publikaciebic _ akademikos n. marisa,38 da profesor e. TayaiS-

vilisa39 da sxvaTa.

banaSi saxelganTqmuli taZris qarTul warwerebzec rom

araferi vTqvaT, taZrisa, romelic, cnobili germaneli mecnieris

koxis sityvebiT, aia-sofias Semdeg saukeTeso nagebobaa mTels axlo

aRmosavleTSi da TviT tokarskis mierac qarTveli mefis naSenebad

aris aRiarebuli (sayuradReboa, rom banas Sida kedlebze, baTqa-

Sis Camoqcevis Semdeg, aRmoCnda damatebiTi lapidaruli qarTuli

warwerebi da aq calkeul qvebsac ki ostatTa niSnebi azis qarTuli

asoebis saxiT), mis mier dasaxelebul yvela danarCen Zeglzec mx-

olod qarTuli warwerebia. isini mogviTxroben, rom es didebuli

Senobebi qarTvel mSenebelTa mieraa aRmarTuli qarTuli mrev-


lisaTvis. igive warwerebi Zalze mniSvnelovan, xSirad _ pirdapir

qronologiur miniSnebebs gvawvdis mSeneblobis droze.

ase magaliTad, oSkis mSvenieri warwera gvamcnobs, rom es taZ-

ari agebulia adarnase kurapalatis mefobisas, misive saxsrebiTa

da erisTavT-erisTav bagratisa da magistros daviTis TaosnobiTa

da zrunviT. akademikosi brose fiqrobs, rom eseni arian adarnase

II da misi Zeni, _ maSin nageboba TariRdeba 888-923 wlebiT. aka-

demikos javaxiSvilis azriT ki, warwera gulisxmobs adarnase III-sa

da mis Svilebs, da maSin oSkis aSenebis dro 958-961 wlebs miewereba

(amJamad axali epigrafikuli masalis aRmoCenis safuZvelze oSkis

taZris mSeneblobis wlebi zustad aris gansazRvruli: 963-973 ww.

_ mTg.). unda mivuTiToT, rom warwera xuroTmoZRvar grigolsac

asaxelebs, romlis reliefuri gamosaxuleba, profesor TayaiSvi-

lis cnobiT, agreTve Semonaxulia.40

xaxuli aris daviT kurapalatis mier aSenebuli nageboba, misi

saxeli, rogorc Cans, moixsenieba kidec am Zeglis cudad Semonaxul

qarTul warwerebSi.41

iSxanis warwerebi mowmobs, rom am didi arqiteqturuli ansam-

blis aSenebasa da gadakeTebaSi monawileobdnen: 1006 wels mefeT-

mefe gurgeni, daviT kurapalatis gare biZaSvili da memkvidre taos

mflobelis saxiT. iSxanis mTavarepiskoposi antoni, mTavari taZris

sruli restavraciis iniciatori 1032 wels, gaerTianebuli saqa-

rTvelos mefisa da zemoxsenebuli gurgenis SvilTaSvilis bagrat

IV mefobaSi, ostati ivane morCais Ze da sxvani: Tu tokarski iSx-

anisa da quTaisis taZrebs Soris saerTo Tvisebebs naxulobs, amaSi

araferia araCveulebrivi: garda imisa, rom es erTi da igive kul-

turis Zeglebia, taZrebi erTsa da imave drosaa aSenebuli (quTaisis

taZris iataki 1003 welsaa dagebuli), erTi da imave saxlis warmo-

madgenelTa mier.

tbeTis eklesiis mravalricxovani warwerebi axsenebs, sxvaTa So-

ris xuroTmoZRvar Saxbuza TaTuxaZes.

warwerebiT aranakleb mdidaria forTa (Satberdi). am warwereb-

Si naxsenebia xuroTmoZRvari abesalma kldeli amxanagebTan erTad.

opizaSi moixsenieba misi meore mSenebeli aSot kurapalati, rom-

lis reliefuri gamosaxuleba, agreTve, Semonaxulia.42 tokarskis

gancxadeba, TiTqos opiza da forTa aSenebulia `albaT, ukve davi-

Tis sikvdilis Semdeg~ (1001 weli), monagonia, aucilebeli imisaT-

vis, rom Taviseburad daasabuTos momdevno aswleulSi marmaSensa

da xckonqSi agebuli somxuri eklesiebidan `qolgisebri~ saxura-

vis sesxebis faqti. mxaris sxva nagebobaTa umravlesoba, agreTve,

98 simon janaSia

dafarulia qarTuli da mxolod qarTuli warwerebiT.

sakiTxavia, gana SeiZleba iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadaWri-

sas, rogoric aris mTeli arqiteqturuli skolis erovnuli kuT-

vnilebis sakiTxi, angariSi ar gaewios xalxis sulieri cxovrebis

sxva mxareebs, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis yvela danarCen

Zegls? amasTan, kargad aris cnobili, rom IX-X saukuneebis tao-

klarjeTi saerTod gaxldaT qarTuli ganaTlebis, literaturisa

da xelovnebis gavrcelebis mTavari kera. tao-klarjeTis udides

kulturul centrebs Soris davasaxeloT: opiza, _ aq iRvwodnen

cnobili moRvaweni miqel parexeli, giorgi mawyvereli da sxvani,

aqve, 913 wels Sesrulda oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani nusxa; Satberdi, _ aq, daaxloebiT 973 wels, gadai-

wera erT-erTi uZvirfasesi Zveli qarTuli manuskriptuli krebuli,

egreT wodebuli `Satberdis krebuli~, aqve gakeTda oTxTavis qar-

Tuli Targmanis nusxebi: egreT wodebuli adiSisa, 897 weli; egreT

wodebuli jruWisa, 936 weli; egreT wodebuli parxalisa, ioane

berasi, 973 weli da sxvani; oSkSi, 978 wels, gadawerilia Zveli qa-

rTuli literaturis fasdaudebeli Zegli, bibliis qarTuli Targ-

manis sruli teqsti (egreT wodebuli `oSkis kodeqsi~), 977 wliT

daTariRebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani xelnaweri, da sxvebi; tbeT-

Si moRvaweobda X saukunis pirveli meoTxedis cnobili mwerali

stefane mtbevari da bevri sxvac; xaxulis moRvaweTagan cnobilia

ioane xaxuleli, `oqropirad~ wodebuli; parxalSia gadawerili

`mravalTavi~ da sxvebi; iSxanSi muSaobdnen ilarion iSxneli da sx-

vebi, aq duRda da gadmoduRda literaturuli muSaoba, iseve, ro-

gorc xanZTaSi, wyarosTavSi da sxvagan. tyuilad ki ar iwodeboda

im xanebSi es mxare `qarTul sinad~; aq cxovrobdnen da Sromobdnen

qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebriobisa da kulturis gamoCenili

warmomadgenlebi _ grigol xanZTeli (VIII saukune _ IX saukunis

pirveli naxevari), serapion da basil zarzmelebi, giorgi merCule,

arsen safareli, daCi, grigol oSkeli, cnobili himnografebi ioane

mtbevari, miqel modrekili (oSkidan), ioane qonqozis Ze da sxvebi,

aqedan iyvnen warmoSobiT aTonis qarTuli lavris saxelganTqmuli

moRvaweni _ barda skliarosis dammarcxebeli Tornike, ioane da

ukanasknelis vaJi, Zveli saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCeni-

li warmomadgeneli efTvime iberieli, an aToneli. aq Seiqmna Zveli

qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis iseTi brwyinvale Zeglebi, rogoric

aris `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovre-

ba~, `gobron-miqelis cxovreba~ da sxvaTa. daviT III kurapalati

gaxldaT erT-erTi yvelaze ganaTlebuli da guluxvi mfarveli


mTeli am kulturuli moRvaweobisa. Cven axla viciT erTi SesaniS-

navi qarTveli oqromWedlis, daviTTanve momuSave asaTis saxelic;

aqedanaa gamosuli cnobili cageris jvaric qarTuli warwerebiT,

romelic iSxanisaTvis SeukveTia ilarion iSxnels da ase Semdeg

da ase Semdeg. ar aris araviTari monacemebi, romlebic saSuale-

bas iZleodes IX-X saukuneebis tao-klarjeTis qarTuli kulturis

moRvaweTa am brwyinvale pleadas davupirispiroT romelime sxva

erovnul-kulturuli wris adgilobrivi warmomadgenlis Tundac

erTi saxeli!

SeiZleboda Tu ara gvqonoda tokarskis obieqturobis imedi

kavkasiaSi arsebuli urTierTobebis sakiTxSi, Tundac im Semdgomi

epoqisaTvis, roca, misi sityvebiT, `somxeTi Sevida ganviTarebis

axal stadiaSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis nominaluri mfarvelobiT,

romelsac axorcielebdnen axalgazrda somxuri Tavaduri gvaris

warmomadgenlebi, Zmebi ivane da zaqaria dolgorukebi (qarT. `mxar-

grZelebi~ _ mTg.), romlebsac qarTul samefoSi maRali saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobebi ekavaT~ (gv. 219). am `obieqturobis~ dasaxasiaTeblad

sakmarisia CavukvirdeT mxolod erT, axlaxan citirebul frazas,

romliTac lamoben im drois ara marto politikur urTierTobaTa

gamoxatvas. amgvarad, saqarTveloze somxeTis damokidebuleba amoi-

wureba ̀ TiTqmis nominaluri mfarvelobiT~, da am mfarvelobas ̀ ax-

orcielebs~ dolgorukebis `axalgazrda somxuri Tavaduri gvari~.

cxadia, agreTve, rom, tokarskis azriT, am somexma Tavadebma, ese

igi somxeTis mmarTvelebma,43 `visac qarTul samefoSi maRali sax-

elmwifo Tanamdebobebi ekavaT~, ese igi TviT qarTuli saxelmwifos

Sinaur saqmeebze didi faqtobrivi gavlena hqondaT, somxeTze saqa-

rTvelos gavlena, kacma ar icis, rogor, `TiTqmis nominalurad~

unda eqciao. Cven rom ar vaWarbebT, es SeiZleba davinaxoT somx-

eTis ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis imave istoriis institutis sxva

gamocemidanac `somexi xalxis istoriidan~ (erevani, 1944 weli),

sadac vkiTxulobT: `sargis zaqarianis (tokarskisTan dolgoruks

Seesabameba _ s. j.), erT-erT Zes, zaqares, Tamaris dros amirspas-

alaris, ese igi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis jarebis mTavarsardlis

Tanamdeboba eWira, meore Zes, ivanes ki _ aTabagis, anu saxelmwifo

meurvisa~ (gv. 174), (xazgasma Cvenia. _ s. j.), amrigad, TviT qarTuli

saxelmwifo aRmoCnda mTavarTa dolgorukTa meurveobisa da mfarv-

elobis qveS.

uwinares yovlisa, «Долгорукие»-bis Sesaxeb (mxolod ase iwo-

debian isini tokarskis wignSi, _ s. j.). Zmebi zaqaria da ivane

(ukanaskneli umcrosi gaxldaT) im qarTuli aznauruli dinastiis

100 simon janaSia

warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelic mxargrZelis sagvareulo saxels

Taobidan TaobaSi atarebda. es wminda qarTuli saxeli rusul Targ-

manSi marTlac «Долгорукий»-s niSnavs, magram is ar unda iTargm-

nos iseve, rogorc ar SeiZleba iTargmnos, vTqvaT, rusuli sagva-

reulo saxelebi «Долгоруков da Толстой». mxargZelis saxels Cven

vxedavT ramdenime somxur warweraSi, magaliTad, 1285 wlis ariWis

warweraSi, 1300 wlis axpatis warweraSi da sxvebSi. oZunis somxur

warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `RvTis nebiT me, sumbatma, poRos Corencis

vaJma, monam (aq, rasakvirvelia, `vasalis~ azriT, _ s. j.) didi ivane

mxargrZelisa~44 da sxv. amgvarad, «Долгорукий» _ gamogonili for-

maa, zaqariani ki _ ubralod kuriozi.

zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebisa da maTi STamomavlebis samflo-

beloebi somxeTSi _ es iyo Cveulebrivi feodaluri nawyalobevi

miwebi, im qarTvel mefeTagan miRebuli, romlebmac somxuri mi-

webi brZoliT daibrunes gadamTiel dampyrobelTagan, ZiriTadad

_ TurqTagan. mxargrZelTa sakuTari samamulo samflobeloebi

saqarTveloSi mdebareobda. mxagrZelebis erovnuli TviTSegneba,

agreTve, udavod aris damowmebuli pirvelwyaroebiT, romlebic

aqac kvaldakval asdevnebia Cvens marcxian avtors. qarTuli cno-

bebi gverdze gadavdoT da yuradReba mivapyroT sruliad obieqturi

mowmis _ safrangeTis mefis ludoviko IX-is elCis, rubrukvisis

Cvenebas. monRolTa yaenisagan dabrunebisas, 1255 wels, rubrukvis-

ma gzad Seiara SanSe mxargrZelTan, zaqarias ZesTan, mis erT-erT

mamulSi, centralur somxur raionSi. am vizitis aRwerisas da

SanSesTan Tavisi saubrebis Sinaarsis gadmocemisas, rubrukvisi axa-

siaTebs maspinZels, rogorc `odesRac erT-erT yvelaze Zlevamo-

sil qarTvels, axla TaTrebis moxarkes. mamamisma, saxelad zaqa-

riam, SeiZina somexTa es miwa, daixsna ra isini sarkinozebisagan~.

politikur urTierTobaTa xasiaTSi gasarkvevad, isev da isev

dokumentur masalas mivmarToT, amjerad ukve somxeTis central-

uri raionebidan. cnobilia, rom XIII saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis

miwurulisaTvis monRolebma moaswres qarTuli samefos mTels

aRmosavleT nawilze gabatoneba, kerZod, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv

somxur teritoriebzec. TiTqosda, axal pirobebSi adgilobriv

somex mflobel mTavrebs, oRond Tuki isini saerTod iyvnen, Sei-

Zleba gasCenodaT midrekileba uSualod yofiliyvnen damokidebu-

li monRolTa yaenze, rasac yaenis mxriv mxolod TanagrZnoba da

mxardaWera unda daxvedroda. sinamdvileSi ki Cven sruliad sa-

pirispiro tendencias vamCnevT: somxeTi agrZelebs saqarTvelosken

ltolvas da Zveli kavSirebi saukuneebs uZlebs. rogori iyo es ka-


vSirebi?

ukve XI saukunis dasawyisSi obieqturad Seqmnili araerTi is-

toriuli garemoebis ZaliT, somxeTi erTob mZime mdgomareobaSi

imyofeboda did saSiSroebaTa winaSe _ sul ufro mzardi bizan-

tiuri agresia, erTi mxriv, da moaxloebuli Turq-seljukTa Semo-

sevebi, meore mxriv, _ mravalricxovanma wvril-wvrilma somxurma

samefoebma da samTavroebma aramcTu ver SeZles gaerTianeba, aramed

daqucmacebas ganagrZobdnen; ase magaliTad, ociani wlebis dasawy-

isSi moxda Sirakis samefos (dedaqalaqiT anisSi) _ am saerTo somx-

uri sazogadoebriv-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis Suagu-

lis _ axali dayofa. momdevno or aTwleulSi somxur saxelmwifo

warmonaqmnTa umravlesobam, maT ricxvSi somex bagratid-bagratun-

Ta anisis samefom, samudamod Sewyvita arseboba. somxuri raionebis

didi umetesoba bizantiis imperiis xelSi gadavida.

am politikur katastrofas Tan axlda somxebis masobrivi ga-

dasaxleba mSobliuri qveynidan. emigraciaSi wasvlis SesaZle-

bloba hqondaT da, faqtobrivad, midiodnen kidec, rasakvirvelia,

umTavresad somexi xalxis zeda fenebis warmomadgenlebi. amgvarad,

es feodaluri sazogadoeba xelovnurad rCeboda Tavis bunebrivad

Camoyalibebul moTaveTa gareSe da, risi sagangebo aRniSvnac mniS-

vnelovania, ganviTarebis am etapze, jer kidev ver moaswro aR-

moceneba feodaluri klasis istoriulma memkvidrem. imave ormo-

cian wlebSi somxeTSi Semoseulma TurqTa urdoebma daasrules

somxeTis politikuri da sameurneo ganadgurebis saqme.

am dros ki, gverdiT arsebobda socialuri da sulieri kul-

turiT maxlobeli gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo, romelmac,

marTalia, XI saukuneSi ramdenime mZlavri Tavzardamcemi darty-

ma gadaitana da gvarianadac Seelaxa erovnuli sazRvrebi, magram

mainc sakmaod Zlieri iyo imisaTvis, rom gadamwyveti winaaRmde-

goba gaewia, jer kidev bagrat IV (1027-1072) dros, TurqTa razmebis

pirveli grigaliseburi TavdasxmebisaTvis TviT sulTan alf-ar-

slanis meTaurobiT.

XI saukunis Sua xanebSi gaCaRebul amierkavkasiis xalxTa Seup-

ovar brZolas, Turquli monobis winaaRmdeg, saTaveSi saqarTvelo

Caudga. jer kidev bagrat IV daikava, mcire xniT, somxeTis dedaqalaqi

anisi, sadac igi TviT qalaqis uxucesebma miiwvies, Tumca, qalaqi

saqarTvelom mtkiced daiWira bagrat IV saxelganTqmuli SviliS-

vilis daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) dros. amis Semdeg, TiTqmis

mTel aswleuls gagrZelebuli sisxlismRvreli omebis Sedegad, qa-

rTulma jarebma somexi mosaxleobis qmediTi daxmarebiTa da sruli

102 simon janaSia

TanagrZnobiT, Turqebi vrceli somxuri miwis lamis yvela terito-

riidan gandevnes da is qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moaq-

cies. amieridan, qarTveli mefe somexTa mefec xdeba, rac kanonier

gamoxatulebas hpovebs mis titulaturaSic. mxargrZelTa dros am

mxriv arsebiTad araferi axali ar momxdara. mxargrZelebis sagva-

reulo somxeTs moevlina im feodalur mpyrobelTagan erT-erTis

saxiT, romelTac miwa pirobiT mflobelobaSi miiRes qarTveli

mefisagan. mxargrZelebTan erTad somxeTSi sxva feodali-miwaTm-

flobelebic iyvnen. tokarskis mier ganxiluli mravalricxovani

somxuri warwerebi somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebze swored zemoT

aRweril urTierTobebs mowmobs da sxvas arafers.

ai, politikuri formulebi, romlebic axlavs somxur lapida-

rul warwerebs Semdegi punqtebidan: 1. axpati (alaverdis raioni),

1121 weli: `Jamsa mefisa TviTmpyrobelisa daviT RvTismosavisa da

Zlevamosilisa (daviT aRmaSenebeli, 1089-1125), giorgis Zisa, bagra-

tis Zisa, romelic mefobda am mxaresa da am xalxsa zeda~. 2. qeCa-

ruki (axtis raioni), 1181-3 wlebi: `qarTvelTa zeda giorgis me-

fobisas, agreTve, Cveni mpyrobelisac~... (giorgi III, 1156-1184). 3.

ariWi (artikis raioni), 1201 weli: `me, zaqarem, mandaturT-uxuces-

ma amir-spasalarma somexTa da qarTvelTa (ZRveni mivarTvi ariWs)

Cemi dedoflis, Tamar mefis (1184-1213) dRegrZelobad~. 4. hovana-

vanqi (aStarakis raioni), 1201 weli: `paron~ (ese igi, patroni _

s. j.) ddopal (qarTuli sityva `dedofali~, `mefis~ mniSvnelobiT

_ s. j.), `Tamaris batonobisas~... 5. axpati, 1210 weli: `mefeT-mefe

giorgis RvTiT mironcxebuli asulis, didi mefis Tamaris Jams me,

mandaturTa-xucesma, amirspasalarma SahinSahma _ zaqariam, sar-

gisis Zem... mefis dRegrZelobad da janmrTelobad da xsenebad~

(Semwirvelisa da misi Sinaurebisa). 6. marmeti, 1206 weli: `laSas

mefobaSi (laSa giorgi, Ze, TanammarTveli da memkvire Tamarisa), za-

qarias amirspasalarobaSi~... 7. oromairi (alaverdis raioni), 1216

weli: `laSas mefobaSi, zaqarias amirspasalarobaSi~... 8. dseRi

(alaverdis raioni), 1221 weli: `giorgis, Tamaris Zis mefobaSi, aTa-

beg ivanes mTavrobaSi~... 9. noravanqi (miqoianis raioni), 1223 weli:

`Tamaris Zis, laSas mefobaSi, somexTa da qarTvelTa zeda SahinSa-

his amirspasalarobaSi da biZamisis ivanes aTabegobaSi, movedi me...

TavadTa Tavadi bupaki~ (noravanqSi da movitane ZRveni). 10. qalaqi

yarsi, 1234 weli: `rusudanis mefobaSi (Tamaris asuli, laSa gior-

gis memkvidre, 1222-1245), ivanes aTabegobaSi~. 11. yarsi, 1234 weli...

`wyalobiTa mefisa Cvenisa rusudanisa Cven, yarselma qristianebma,

avaSeneT es koSkebi samaxsovrod Cuenda da patronisa Cuenisa~. 12.


yarsi, 1236 weli: ...`mefeTa mefisa TviTmpyrobelisa rusudanisa~...

13. oromosi, 1246 weli: `somexTa da qarTvelTa zeda mefobaSi da-

viTisa (daviT VI, narini, Ze, TanammarTveli da memkvidre mefe ru-

sudanisa, 1230-1293) da spasalarobaSi SahinSahisa, Zisa didi zaqa-

riasi~... 14. xorakerti, 1252 weli: `mefobaSi daviTisa~ (daviT VII,

ulu, Ze laSa giorgisa, daviT narinis TanammarTveli 1247 wlidan).

15. getiq-goSavanqi (diliJanis raioni), 1283 weli: `me, Cari, Ze pa-

tronisa umekisa, SviliSvili Carisa, warmomavlobiT manackertidan

(mivarTvi ZRveni getiqs), gamgeblobaSi garanusi (arRuni, ilxani,

iranis monRoli mbrZanebeli) da qarTvelebze mefobaSi demetre

bagratidisa~ (ulu daviTis Ze, 1271-1289). 16. ariWi (aStarakis

raioni), 1285 weli: `fadiSahobaSi arRun-yaenisa (ilxani, iranis

monRoli mbrZanebeli), mefobaSi demetresi, patronobaSi spasa-

lar mxargrZelisa, Zmisa ivanesi, Zisa didi SahinSahisa, me, makli,

Ze aRa-xusanisa, Camovedi mamaCemis mier monagar sofelSi aruWSi.

17. marZi, 1285 weli: `jvari ese aRmarTulia TaTarTagan Seviwroe-

bebisa da simwris dReebSi, mefobaSi demetresi, daviTis Zisa, patri-

arqobaSi batoni oganesisa~ (mRvdlis Tomas da misi Zmis tiracus

mier). 18. avani (kotaiqis raioni), 1285 weli: `gamgeblobaSi mefeT

mefisa arRuTisa (ilxani, iranis monRoli mbrZanebeli), mefobaSi

qarTvelebsa da somxebzeda demetresi~... 19.surb-kiraki, 1286 weli:

`(gamgeblobaSi) arRunisa, mefobaSi demetresi~45...

Cven, ra Tqma unda, aq viZleviT amonawerebs mxolod zogierTi

somxuri warweridan, magram maTi Cvenebebic savsebiT sakmarisia

saqmis arsis gasarkvevad. ufro dawvrilebiT gavCerdeT gviandeli

monRoluri periodiT (1285 weli) daTariRebul, aruWis warweris

cnobebze. irkveva, rom am dros aruWi ekuTvnoda wvril miwaTmflo-

bels, vinme maklis, aRa xusanis vaJs. Turquli epiTeti `aRa~ (ba-

toni) aq sruliad garkveul niSnad warmodgeba da safuZvlianad

gvinergavs im azrs, rom xusani da makli ara marto kerZo miwis mesa-

kuTreni iyvnen, aramed feodaluri batonebic, seniorebi, an Tu vix-

marT maSindel somxeTSi esoden gavrcelebul gasomxebul laTinur

termins, aruWis mosaxleobis `paronebi~. meore mxriv, TviT maklis

uSualo paronad, anu `patronad~ warwera mxargrZels asaxelebs,

riTac, uwinares yovlisa, isev da isev sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs

exeba; magram warwera senior mxargrZelis yofis kidev erT gansa-

kuTrebulebas aRniSnavs: igi ara marto feodalia, aramed Tanam-

debobis piric _ `spasalari~, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli samefosi,

Cven es sxva wyaroebidan viciT. aq Cven SevdivarT ukve politikur

sferoSi da, roca ariWis Zegli somxeTis sinamdvilis am mxareze

104 simon janaSia

Tavis cnobebs aviTarebs, marTlac gvimowmebs, rom somexTa mefed

gvevlineba qarTveli mefe, rom miuxedavad qveynis mier gadatanili

yvela mniSvnelovani peripetiisa da am droisaTvis Seqmnili sru-

liad axali istoriuli viTarebisa, somxeTi kvlav rCeba qarTuli

samefos nawilad. Semdeg, somexi xalxis arsebobis politikur pi-

robebSi es siaxle asaxvas hpovebs, agreTve, sxva warweraSi: qarTv-

el mefes bagratids (xom ase moixseniebs demetres zemoT moyvanili

goSavanqis warwera 1283 wlisa) hyavs kidev umaRlesi suzereni-

iranis fadiSahi Cingisidi. somxeTSi monRolur epoqaSi arsebuli

yvela kavSirisa da urTierTobis ufro naTlad da ufro zustad

gamoxatva Zneli iqneboda.

damoukidebel wyarosa da monRolur oficialur Tvalsazriss

Cven ukve sparsul warweraSi vxvdebiT egreT wodebul manuCes meCe-

Tis kedelze, somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq anisSi. yaenis brZanebis (iar-

liyis) Semcveli es warwera iranis monRoli mbrZaneblis abu-said-

baxadur-xanis gankargulebiT amoikveTa 1319-1335 wlebs Soris da

am periodis ufro meore naxevarSi, rogorc varaudobs warweris

mecnieri gamomcemeli, akademikosi v. bartoldi. maSasadame, anisis

sparsuli warwera aruWis somxur warweraze ramdenime aTwleuliT

umcrosia. ukanono mZime gadasaxadebisagan mosaxleobis dasacavad

gamocemuli es brZaneba, sxvaTa Soris, acxadebs: `dae, baJisa da

samarTliani gadasaxadis garda, sxva araferi aiRon, da arc erTi

adamianisagan (gamosaRebebis) sababiT yalani, nemeri, Tarxi da arc

sxva araferi ar moiTxovon, rogorc manamde qalaq anisSi da saqa-

rTvelos sxva mxareebSi yalanis, nemeris, ukanono Tanxebis da Tarx-

is gadasaxadebis aRricxvas eweodnen da Zaladobas iyenebdnen~...46

(xazi Cvenia, _ s. j.). maSasadame, XIV saukunis ocian wlebSic ki,

TviT monRolebi ganixilavdnen anissa da somxeTs rogorc saqarT-

velos erT-erT mxares.

anisis erT-erTi somxuri warweraTagani _ warwera (rogorc

Cans, kidev ufro gviandeli) qalaqis pirveli kedlis Sua karis

zemoT, Seicavs axal Zalze mniSvnelovan miTiTebas: _ `RvTiT mov-

lenili mefis, fadiSahisa da RvTiT brZeni erisTavT erisTavis... am

qveyanasa zeda qarTvelTa mefobaSi. roca dedaqalaqi anisi xasin-

jud iqca, da qalaqisa amis... patronebis aRa grigolisa da ovanisis

mmarTvelobaSi da meufe hovanisis episkoposobaSi~47... ese igi an-

iseli somxebi Tavis qalaqs, iseve rogorc mTels qveyanas, kvlav

qarTuli saxelmwifos nawilad miiCneven im gviandel-monRolur pe-

riodSic ki, rodesac anisi ukve yaenis (an romelime monRoli prin-

cis) uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, rac aq aRniSnulia kidec


cnobili terminiT `xasinju~.

sakiTxis ideologiuri da fsiqologiuri mxarec ki imaSi md-

gomareobs, rom somexi mosaxleoba qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas

mTeli misi marTvis aparatiT aRiqvamda, rogorc mSobliur saxelm-

wifoebriobas da saerTosaxelmwifoebriv institutebs. Sesabamisma

Segnebam Tavisi asaxva hpova zemoT ganxiluli somxuri warwerebis

iseT formulebSi, rogorc qarTvelTa da somexTa mefe, mandaturT-

xucesi, amir-spasalari, qarTvelTa da somexTa aTabagi da ase Sem-

deg. am Segnebam saukuneebi gamoiara. gavixsenoT, ras ambobs XV sau-

kunis somxuri sazogadoebrivi azrisa da istoriografiis udidesi

warmomadgeneli Toma mewofeci im damarcxebis gamo, romelic qa-

rTvelebma 1440 wels iwvnies `Tavrizis mefisa da mpyrobelis~ ja-

han-Sahisagan: `amitomac (ese igi, qarTvelTa damarcxebis Sedegad.

_ s.j.) Cven (ese igi, somxebi. _ s. j.), romlebic, urwmunoTa Soris

yofnisas, yovelTvis vamayobdiT imiT, rom Cvens imedebs qarTvele-

bze vamyarebT, amieridan sasowarkveTilebaSi CavvardiT da urwmu-

noTa winaSe ena ver dagviZravs~.48 gavixsenoT, Tu jer kidev XVIII

saukunis bolos cxra mTas iqiT, Soreul indoeTSi gadakarguli

somxebi rogor axseneben Tavis mefed erekle II-es, qarTl-kaxeTis

mefes!

rogor gamoiyureba am udavo faqtebis Suqze gansaxilveli gamo-

cemis mecnieruloba. Tumca ai, kidev ukve ara marto `mecnierulo-

bis~, aramed tokarskis sazogadoebrivi poziciebis damaxasiaTebeli

Strixi. igi aucileblad Tvlis rusulad mogvawodos somxur geo-

grafiul saxelwodebaTa transkrifcia:

Аван, Агарцин, Айгестан, Таргманчац-ванк, Айриванк, Аршаруник, Быджни, Джрвеж, Ереруйк, Имирзик, Птгни, Хцконт da sxvani. aq Senar-

Cunebulia, sxvaTa Soris, mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTi brunvis

niSanic к _ q (red.), Tumca TviT somxur enaSi is warmavalia da

yvela irib brunvaSi qreba. amave formiT xmarobs tokarski, Zalian

bevr SemTxvevaSi, saxelwodebasac «Тайк», Tumca mis qarTul formas

`tao~ udavo upiratesoba aqvs, ramdenadac saxelis sufTa fuZes

warmoadgens da qsenofontesTan aris damowmebuli jer kidev 401

wels Cvens eramde; oRond igive principi irRveva, roca saqme exeba

ramdenime erTob mniSvnelovan qarTul geografiul saxelwodebas.

dauSva ra, raRacnairi daudevrobiT, or SemTxvevaSi, misTvis

saintereso mxaris qarTuli dasaxeleba `tao-klarjeTi~ (rusul

literaturaSi Cveulebriv _ Тао-Кларджетия), tokarskim mas xe-

lovnuri evolucia moaxvia: pirveli etapi _ «Тао-Кларджет» (gv.

109), meore etapi _ «Тао-Кларджия» (gv. 146). _ aq gamoiricxeba ara

106 simon janaSia

marto sufiqsi _ i, aramed fuZesTan organulad dakavSirebuli in-

fiqsic _ eT.

ueWvelia, tokarski akademikos marisken gaiSvers xels, _ aqao

da, es formebi man SemoiRoo. marTlac, Tavisi moRvaweobis meore

periodSi marma aseTi marTlwera SemoiRo; oRond, jer erTi, mari

principuli gaxldaT: `klarjias~ gverdiT igi ar werda `taiqs~,

rogorc amas Cadis sruliad uprincipo tokarski, aramed _ `taos~

an `taias~, meorec, cxovrebam da mecnierebam ukuagdo es xelovnuri

formebi: saRad moazrovneTagan vis mouva TavSi axla weros `mcxia~,

`duSia~, `karalia~, òsia~ _ `mcxeTis~, `duSeTis~, `karaleTis~,

òseTis~ nacvlad. arada, tokarski mkvdreTiT aRadgens am didi

xnis miviwyebul mcdar dawerilobebs, roca uerTdeba maT ricxvs,

vinc did mecnierTagan mxolod Secdomebs iTvisebs; raRa maincda-

mainc tokarskis gauwia gulma am formebisaken? am kiTxvaze pasuxs

Cven iq vnaxulobT, sadac vkiTxulobT: àr SeiZleba... somxeTisa

da saqarTvelos arqiteqturis Seswavlisas arc CvenTvis saintereso

teritoriebze ZeglTa ignorireba, arc maTi mierTeba erT-erTi am

qveynis arqiteqturasTan mxolod saxelmwifo kuTvnilebis faqtis

mixedviT, rogorc arasworad iqceva v. beriZe samxreT-oseTisa da

svaniis mimarT, mxolod im safuZvelze, rom isini saqarTvelos

Semadgeneli nawilebi arian~. uwinares yovlisa, aRvniSnoT, rom qa-

rTuli arqiteqturis Zeglebi gvxvdeba ara mxolod kavkasionis qe-

dis samxreTiT dasaxelebul raionebSi, aramed mis CrdiloeTiTac;

Semdeg mivuTiToT, rom saxelSi òseTi~ tokarski ver gaumklavda

infiqss èT~: am dasaxelebiT amJamad mTelma msofliom icis erTi

sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublika da meore avtonomiuri olqi. sa-

magierod igi sxva wodebaSi gaumklavda infiqss, _ yvela mkiTx-

veli SeiZleba verc mixvdes, rom tokarskis svania aris svaneTi

yvela sabWoTa moqalaqisa da msoflio istoriuli, geografiuli,

eTnografiuli literaturis enaze. tokarskim ver gaiTvaliswina

mxolod, rom forma `svaneTic~ ganmtkicebulia sabWoTa konstitu-

ciiT. mTavari mainc isaa, rom qarTuli erovnul-kulturuli kole-

qtivis iseTi ganuyofeli nawili, rogoric aris mTels danarCen

saqarTvelosTan saukuneobiT erTiani cxovrebiT mcxovrebi svaneTi,

tokarskis wignSi gamocxadebulia misTvis ucxo elementad, raRac

calke samyarod Tavisi sakuTari kulturiT; am abdaubdis dasasab-

uTeblad ki yvelaze damajerebel saSualebad miamiturad miCneulia

mxaris saxelis xelovnuri Secvla, misgan yovelive specifikurad

adgilobrivis, xalxuris amoReba. ase dadga saqarTvelos samxreT

provinciebis Semdeg misi CrdiloeT raionebis rigi!


rogorc yovelTvis msgavs SemTxvevebSi, aqac garkveuli praqti-

kis ukan dgas garkveuli `Teoria~. amaod daviwyebdiT tokarskis

wignSi istoriuli procesis mecnieruli gagebis Zebnas. gavixsenoT

Tundac is, Tu rogor xsnis avtori feodaluri saxelmwifo war-

monaqmnebis aRmocenebas amierkavkasiaSi. tao-klarjeTi damoukideb-

el saxelmwifo organizmad gamoiyofa im erTaderTi mizeziT, rom

somxebs, romlebic aq viTomcda mosaxleobis umravlesobas Sead-

gendnen, ar surdaT ̀ aRorZinebul somxur samefoSi Sesvla~ relig-

iur uTanxmoebaTa gamo, Tumca inarCunebdnen mraval sxva kavSirs

TavianT TanamemamulebTan; xolo gaerTianebul qarTul saxelmwi-

foSi maT ar undodaT Sesvla mxolod da mxolod gansxvavebuli

warmomavlobis gamo, raki denacionalizaciis, gaqarTvelebis pro-

cesebis gaZlierebisa da aCqarebisa eSinodaT; Semdeg tao-klarjeT-

ma mainc iwyo swrafva `Camoyalibebuli qarTuli saxelmwifosaken~

ara romlime sxva mizeziT, aramed mxolod da mxolod `mkvidri

mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebis procesis gamo~. amgvarad, esoden didi

sakiTxis gaSuqebaSi Cven ver vipoviT verc erT sityvas adamianebi-

sa da sazogadoebis arsebobis materialuri pirobebis Sesaxeb, im

sameurneo da socialuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac ubiZga maT

bunebriv-istoriul gaerTianebebTan Serwymisaken, sazogadoebrivi

warmoebisa da gacvla-gamocvlis gzebisaken!

avtoris zogadi meTodologiis mTeli ubadrukoba iolad Sei-

Zleba gamovaCinoT TviT somxeTis istoriis konkretuli faqtebiT;

ratom iwyebs daqsaqsvas TviTon es aRorZinebuli somxuri samefo

Tavisi warmoSobidan ukve ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg? ratom gamo-

eyvnen mas yarsisa da lores samTavroebi? ratom xdeba anisis same-

fos axali dayofa jer kidev 1020-ian wlebSi? ratom ar iltvian

anisisaken vaspurakani, sisakani da sxvani? xom cxovrobdnen aq, rac,

ra Tqma unda, ar eeWveba tokarskis, mxolod religiuri Tanamoaz-

reni da Tanatomelni!

XII-XIV saukuneebis somxur arqiteqturaze tokarskis msjelo-

bebs rom ecnoba, mkiTxvelma Tavidan SeiZleba ifiqros, rom aq ukve

mas sTavazoben mxatvrul movlenaTa axal gagebas: `gansaxilveli

dro xasiaTdeba qalaquri cxovrebis ganviTarebiT wina aziis qvey-

nebSi. qalaqebis erovnuli SemadgenlobiT Wreli mosaxleoba saer-

To cxovrebiT cxovrobda da erovnuli an sarwmunoebrivi gansx-

vavebebi ki ar gansazRvravda im dros ama Tu im formaTa gamoCenas,

aramed, rogorc TviT nivTieri Zeglebi gviCvenebs, pirvel rigSi,

progresirebadi socialuri danawevreba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva

jgufebisa~ (gv. 217).

108 simon janaSia

nuras ukacravad! somxeTis udidesi qalaqis _ misi dedalaqis

anisis arqiteqturaze saubrisas tokarski wers: `XIII-XIV sauku-

neebis anisis mmarTvelTa saintereso daxasiaTebas gvaZlevs n. i.

mari: ànisis mmarTvelebi, Tumca warmoSobiT somxebi, erovnul

principebSi arcTu ise mtkiceni iyvnen. maTi nacionalizmi eklesiis

zRurbls ar scildeboda. eklesiaSi da eklesiaze (warwerebSi) maT-

Tvis savaldebulo wminda somxuri ena realur cxovrebaSi hkargav-

da Tavis mimzidvel Zalas. arabuli, zogjer sparsuli warwera, ma-

gram arasodes arc erTi somxuri aso saucxoo WurWelze, romelic

ueWvelad ekuTvnoda anisis ukanasknel mpyrobelebs, sarwmunoe-

biT qristianebs, erovnebiT somxebs. aramcTu damwerloba, aramed,

etyoba, siuJetebic arCeuli da gaazrebulia saeklesio somxuri

tradiciebis, Zveli somxuri saeklesio mxatvrobis gareSe. arsad

miniSnebac ar Cans raime somxur xalxur yofiT niSnebze~ (gv. 295)

... TiTqosda, maris mier daxatuli suraTi savsebiT Seesabameba ze-

moT citirebul tokarskis zogad debulebas `seljukTa epoqis~ qa-

laquri kulturis xasiaTis Sesaxeb. ara, tokarski aucileblad mi-

iCnevs, rom Soreul winaprebs dagvianebuli Wkuis swavleba dauwyos

nacionalizmis uqonlobis gamo, imis nacvlad, rom mSvidad, isto-

riulad ganixilos nacionalizmis uqonloba erTisTvis da qona

meorisaTvis, garkveul xalxTa sxva xalxebze kulturuli zemoq-

medebis mizezebi da pirobebi; roca mogviTxrobs, Tu vinme paroni

sahmadini mrenSi Tavisi sasaxlisaTvis rogor ìRebs nimuSad ara

paronis anisis sasaxles an sastumros, aramed yaraman-kapusus

meCeTs koniaSi~, tokarski wers: `paroni sahmadini ar ufiqrdeboda

imas, rom saukunis dasawyisSi somexi xuroTmoZRvrebis damuSave-

buli mSobliuri formebis safuZvelze Seeqmna raime axali... somexi

sazogadoebis saTaveSi mdgomTa nacionalizmi, marTlac àr scil-

deboda eklesiis zRurbls~, vinaidan portalis aseTma mopirkeTebam

Tavisi adgili hpova ara marto sasaxleebSi, qarvaslebSi (selimi)

da karibWeebSi (tamjirlu), aramed TviT eklesiebzec, rogorc es

SeiZleba vnaxoT, magaliTad, eRvardSi~ (gv. 296-297)...

adamianTa Segnebisa da Semoqmedebis erovnul formebze, erovnul

kulturebze, erovnebaTa Camoyalibebis processa da nacionalizmze

amdeni laparakisas tokarskis winaswar akviatebuli, aCemebuli idee-

bi xels uSlis obieqturi, mecnieruli TvaliT Sexedos istoriul

movlenebs. mas absoluturad araviTari ufleba ara aqvs, rogorc

Cven es zemoT vaCveneT, tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturiT

somxur erovnul-kulturul samyaros miuerTos, amasTanave, svanebi

da svaneTi gamoricxos qarTuli erovnul-kulturul koleqtividan;


es, miuxedavad imisa, rom svanebi qarTuli tomia, romelic didi xania

Serwymulia qarTveli eris SemadgenlobasTan, rom svanebi saerToqa-

rTuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis matareblebi arian, rom qarTuli ena

maTTvis damwerlobisa da kulturis erTaderTi enaa. tokarskis ar

aSinebs is, rom misi gamoxdoma kolonizatorTa da imperialistTa

Zvel laTaias warmoadgens, verc ki ityvi, axal hangzeo!

tokarski fiqrobs, rom somxebi aseTebadve rCebian, Tundac qar-

Tul marTlmadideblur eklesias miekuTvnebodnen. rasakvirvelia,

oden erTi sarwmunoebrivi niSani ver wyvets erovnuli kuTvnilebis

sakiTxs; magram tokarskis isic hgonia, rom yvela, vinc ki somxur-

grigorianul eklesias miekuTvneboda, ukve marto am niSniT unda

ganvixiloT, rogorc somexi. sxvagvarad ra safuZveli arsebobs za-

qaria mxargrZelis somxad miCnevisa? tokarski ver mimxvdara, rom

jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, Camoyalibebuli erovnebebi Sedgebodnen

eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvanairi elementebisagan, rom erTi

erovnebidan meoreSi gadasasvlelad adamianebs sulac ar sWird-

ebaT aswleulebi.

Cven ganvixileT araerTi gamonagoni, usafuZvlo da viTom safu-

Zvlianic ki, ganvixileT araerTi uxeSi meTodologiuri da faq-

tobrivi Secdoma tokarskis wignisa. amgvarma Secdomebma iqamde

migviyvana, rom mniSvnelovani, saWirboroto amocana _ mocemuliyo

somexi xalxis mdidari erovnuli arqiteqtura, gadauWreli darCa

da is seriozul, momzadebul specialistebs elodeba.

Cven, agreTve vuCveneT, am wignSi mecnieruli uprincipobis gver-

diT Tavs rogor iCens uCveulo, istoriis pirdapir falsifikaciamde

mimyvani sazogadoebrivi `principebi~, romlebic mTeli simkacriT

gakicxvis Rirsia. istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebas ver SeZlebs,

Tuki gadaWriT ar gaemijneba yvela msgavs antisazogadoebriv da cru-

mecnierul tendenciebs. wyalgamyofi xazi aq romelime teritoriul

sazRvrebze ki ar gaivleba, _ istoriuli mecniereba erTiania, is

gadis mkacr mecnierul Tvasazrissa da uimedod dromoWmul sqo-

lastikas Soris, erTi mxriv, konkretuli masalis keTilsindisieri,

obieqturi Seswavlis, istoriuli sinamdvilis marTali asaxvisa da

meore mxriv, am sinamdvilis tendenciur damaxinjebas Soris.

noemberi, 1946 w.

110 simon janaSia

damowmebuli samecniero literatura da wyaroebi:

1. ...`6045 wlebamde nagebobis dasrulebaze laparakic ki zed-

metia. qronikebis damowmebebi da Semkulobis xasiaTi uflebas gva-

Zlevs misi damTavrebis TariRi VII saukunis ocdaaTian wlebamde

gadavwioT...~ wers tokarski 92-e gverdze.

2. matiane qvebze Seadgina k. konstaniancma, sankt-peterburgi, gv.

58 (somxur enaze).

3. s. janaSia, `iberiis (qarTlis) samefos politikuri geog r-

a fiisaTvis uZveles periodSi~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis moambe, 1942, #7.

4. Annales, XIII, 37.5. De bello Gothico, VIII, 2.6. konstantine porfirogenetis Txzulebani: `TemTa Sesaxeb~ (De

thematibus) da `xalxTa Sesaxeb~ (De administrando imperio), g. laskinis

winasityvaobiT, moskovi, 1899. Tavi 45, gverdi 167; iqve, gverdi 168.

7. `geografiis~ teqsti warmodgenilia ramdenime redaqciiT. ix.

magaliTad `somxeTis geografia~ VII saukunisa qristes dabadebi-

dan (miewereba m. xorenacs). teqsti da Targmani q. patkanovis gamo-

cema, sankt-peterburgi, 1877, gv. 38-40 da 16-17 (teqsti); Géographie de Moïs de Gorène d’après Ptolémée, ed. p. A. Soukry, Ven., 1881, p.p. 37-39.

8. somxeTis didi vardapetis Revondis istoria, sankt-peterbur-

gi, 1887, gv. 168 (somx. enaze).

9. iqve.

10. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, axali Targmani m. eminisa,

moskovi, 1893, gv, 133.

11. n. adonci, `somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi~, sankt-peterburgi,

1908, gv. 402-404 (rus. enaze).

12. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, axali Targmani m. emi-

nisa, moskovi, 1893, gv. 36-37; movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria,

1913, gv. 89 da 108.

13. iqve, axali Targ. gv. 89 da 108.

14. iqve, wigni II, Tavi 3; somx. teqsti, cit. gamoc. gv. 104-105.

15. giorgi merCule, `cxovreba wm. giorgi xanZTelisa~, akad. n.

maris gamocema, sankt-peterburgi, gv. 96 _ n. maris mier am adgilis

Sesrulebuli rusuli Targmani naklebad zustia.

16. merCule, gv. ib da 92.

17. merCule, gv. 148-149.

18. dasax. gamoc. gv. 155-157.

19. ioane kaTalikosi drasxanakerteci, somxeTis istoria, 1912,


gv. 144-310 (somx. enaze).

20. iqve, gv. 185 (somx. enaze).

21. iqve, gv. 207-208.

22. iqve, gv. 214-215.

23. iqve, gv. 297-316.

24. konstantine porfirogenetis dasx. gamoc. gv. 172.

25. iqve, gv. 164-165.

26. M. Brosset, `Inscriptions géorgiennes...~ sankt-peterburgi, 1864, gv. 7.

27. T. Jordania, `qronikebi~... I, 95.

28. msoflio istoria, sankt-peterburgi, 1885, gv. 275.

29. istoria, 1912, gv. 19, 3, 22 (somx. enaze) _ Tumca stefanos

taroneci daviTs, Cveulebriv, `taos kurapalats~ an `did kurapal-

ats~ uwodebs, magram araviTari eWvs ar badebs, rom daviTi swored

qarTveli mTavaria. stefanosi, magaliTad, rodesac daviTis omebze

amdens mogviTxrobs, mis jarebs moixseniebs, rogorc mxolod `qa-

rTul jars~ da Tanac mravaljer. erT SemTxvevaSi (wigni III, Tavi

XI), stefanosi xlaTis kedlebTan (vanis tbis piras) momxdar in-

cidentze yveba, roca am qalaqis moalye daviT kurapalatis jarma

somxuri eklesiebi da arqiepiskoposis sasaxle gaixada Tavlebad

da sadgomebad. tajikebi qalaqis kedlebidan yvirodnen: `Tqven,

qristianebi, ase eqceviT qristianul salocavs?~ qarTvelebi pa-

suxobdnen: `Cven erTnairad vepyrobiT somxur eklesias da Tqvens

meCeTs!~ stefanosi fiqrobs, rom amis gamo qarTvelebs RvTis risxva

daatydaT: isini musulmanebTan damarcxdnen (dasx. gamocema, gv. 268).

30. Migne, II, col. 164.31. Epit, hist, I, lib. XVII cap. VII.32. M. Brosset, `Additions et éclaircissemens...~ gv. 176.

33. `qronikebi~, I, gv. 107-108.

34. dasx. gamocema, gverdi 192-193: `...basilim, berZenTa mefem,

gamoiZaxa mxedarTmTavari Tornike, warmoSobiT qarTveli, beri

wminda mTidan (aToni), da taos kurapalat daviTTan gagzavna; da da-

pirda qaldoi-ariais micemas (klisurTan) erTad, Cormairs, karins,

basians da cixe sevuks, _ rac misca kidevac, _ Tu daviTi dasax-

mareblad jars gamougzavnida. daviTma, Seyara ra qarTuli jari

erisTavT erisTavis jojikis winamZRolobiT, Tornikes kvaldakval

gagzavna tiran bardasTan SesabrZoleblad. taos sazRvrebidan daw-

yebuli, maT aoxreba dauwyes tiranis morCil berZenTa qveyanas...

(imperatorma basilim misca fokes) mTeli dasavluri berZnuli

armia da qarTul jarTan erTad orive banaki tiran bardas winaaRm-

deg mimarTa~... ix. agreTve `The Cambridge Medieval History~, IV, 86 da

112 simon janaSia

g. gelceri, `bizantiis politikuri istoriis narkvevi~, 100.

35. e. TayaiSvili, `arqeologiuri eqskursiebi~, I, 18.

36. v. rozeni, ̀ imperatori basil bulgarTmmusvreli~, 27 (rus. enaze).

37. tokarskis dumili tao-klarjeTis epigrafikaze winaswar ga-

n zraxulad unda CavTvaloT, ramdenadac igi, misive cnobiT, ukve na-

myofia am mxareSi da dawvrilebiTac ki gamoukvlevia iSxanis taZari

1915 wels. maSasadame, SemTxveva miscemia piradad darwmunebuliyo

imaSi, Tu ras warmoadgens warwerebi tao-klarjeTis Zeglebze.

38. dasx. gamocema. `cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa~.

39. am mecnieris mravalricxovan publikaciebSi, romelmac pi-

radad gamoikvlia tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi mis mier organizebuli

eqspediciis ganmavlobaSi (1903, 1907 da 1917 wlebi).

40. safuZvels moklebulia tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos oSkis

warwera Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas imaze, rom es taZari daviTis

aSenebulia (gv. 201-202). daviT III aq mesame adgilzea moxseniebuli

oSkis mSenebelTa Soris.

41. tokarskis isev da isev dausabuTebeli gancxadebis sapirispi-

rod, TiTqosda ̀ Zveli avtorebis cnobebi da Zeglebze warwerebi oSkis

gamoklebiT, ar gvaZlevs pirdapir pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu saxeldobr ra

iyo aSenebuli~ daviTis mier, Cven xazi unda gavusvaT, rom ̀ qarTlis ma-

tiane~ (XI saukune) xaxulis nagebobas kategoriulad miawers daviTs.

42. amgvarad, swori ar aris tokarskis mtkiceba, TiTqos `ara-

pirdapiri monacemebis SejerebiT sarwmunod dgindeba, rom (tao-

klarjeTis _ s. j.) yvelaze SesaniSnavi nagebobani daviTis mmarT-

velobis dros da, maSasadame, misi dakveTiT aRimarTnen~ (gv. 202).

43. 294-e gverdze tokarski wers: `xelisuflebaSi dolgorukebis

mosvlis momentisaTvis Seqmnili mdgomareoba somex xuroTmoZRvrebs

sulac ar agulianebda sazRvargareTuli nimuSebis ubralod misaba-

Zad... axali erovnuli didgvarovnobis Camoyalibebis pirobebSi~ da

a. S. 303-e gverdze ki naTqvamia: ̀ zaqaria da ivane dolgorukTa mmarT-

velobis dro aRiniSneba anisSi Cinebuli saero Senobebis aRmarTviT.

44. k. konstanianci, matiane qvebze, gv. 250 (somx. enaze).

45. ix. k. konstaniancis dasx. gamocema; agreTve: m. emini `somx-

uri warwerebi yarsSi, anisSi da mis midamoebSi~, moskovi, 1881.

46. v. bartoldi, `sparsuli warwera anisis meCeTze manuCze~,

sankt-peterburgi, 1911, gv. 7 (rus. enaze).

47. m. emini, dasx. gamocema, 7. Cven aq sakuTar Targmans viZleviT,

radganac eminis Targmani uzustoa (s. j.).

48. moaqvs prof. l. melqiseT-begovis gamocemis mixedviT: `Toma

mewofeli~, tfilisi, 1937, gv. 9.

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