20 December 1974Sf ff fff 00 f: ff-y7T i -ii jjj ;; 000 - : :00-0 :0-L: --:0::00 - - : - :-0:0tA000-T-0:i

-- f- t-S A- s-,, - - -E -Ai .: f f fffF fffff-: --f - t -0000-d - ff fff.:0:; --0i tf;D- -

.:

VoGumrn 186, No. 4169

LETTERS Sitle Effect, of 5-Th}o-D-GlL'co c: J. W. Kalat; Safety of Uiii-aound Diagnosis:W. L. Nyborg; Breast Cancer Treatments: M. Bergner; Solar Ponds:P. Nielseni; P. P. Hdlec and P. Sonznenifeld; Herbicide Use in Vietnanm:P. Kin-stadte.................................................

EDITORIAL Social Sciences, Future Tense: L. Reisvinau...............................

ARTICLES Anthropological Film: A Scientific and Hunmanistic ReEource: E. R. Sorenson........Rice Breeding and World Food Production: P. R. Jentninr....................ProdLuct Liabilityand the Technical Expert: H. R. Piecler et al]................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Green Revolution (I): A Just Technology Often Unjustly Used .........

CouLncil for a Livable World: Dispute over Campaign Finance Disclosure . . .

Academy for Contemporary Problems: Mixed Parentage, Ambitious Aims ...

Computers: First the Maxi, Then the Mini, Now It's the Micro ...............Aging Research (1): Cellular Theories of Senescence ......................

Memory and Nerve Cell Connections, review^edby A. D. Gi-inntell; SurfaceCarbohydrates of the Eukaryotic Cell, A. Eichholz; Characterization ofSolid Surfaces, G. A. So,norjai; Chemistry in Botanical Classification,0. T. Solbrig ..............................................

ANNUAL MEETING 1975 AAAS Science Film Festival: Interscience linternational ................

1074

1077

1079

1085

1089

1093

1096

1098

1102

1105

1108

1111

OARD OF DIRECTORS LEONARD M. RIESER ROGER REVELLE MARGARW. MEAD RICHARD H. BOLT EMILIOQ.FDADDARIORetiring Prident, Chairman President PresidentElect BARRY COMMONER EDWARD E. DAVID, JFCHAIRMEN AND MATHM WiCS (A) PHYSICS (8) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (0)

OF John :. Kemeny Soome J. Buhebum MiltonHarris Ivan R. KingSECRETARIES OF Truman A. Botts Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U.0LandoltAAAS SECTIONS

PSYCHOLOGY (I) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCESS (K) HISORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERINGCharles Coe eog , tgr Oe igrc yo .Tap1e3Edwin P. Hodlender Daniel Rich George Basalla Paul H. Robbin

EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (S) INFORMTION AND COMMUNICATIONJ. on atn KoW4Mrd M. Louis P. J y MatnGr egePhillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearimen John Autiln Joseph Becke

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTRN AND ROCKY UNOUTAIN DWilliam E. Davis Irma Duncan: George A. Zentmyer Robert T. :Orr Joseph A. Sthufle Max P. DunfordChairman, Executive Committee Executive Secetary President Secretary-Treasurer President Executive Officer

SCIENCE is publi y pt the lst weak In Dembr, but wibt an extra leaue on the fourth Tuesday in November, by the American AssociatI for the A nceetScience, 1515 Mv NW Wahinton CD.C 20005. N ombined with The ScientfIc MmtiO. Second-class postge paid it Washinto, D.C. cpright @ 1974the American Associati-fth Adncement o Scie. M rate on reuest. Annual subsiption t$40 foreign postage: eic $, o e: $,airft to Europ $21Single copies $1 (back isses, S2 except Guide to Seifc lst which is $4. School 'year subcitption: 9 months $30: moths $33.00 PrIde 6eeks noice for chanof addres, giving nR and old address and zip codes. Send a recent address label. SIence Ii Indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical LIeature.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

REPORTS Scaling Stride FrequcIIC' and Gait to Animal Size: Mice to Horses:.V. C. He lhmd(l C. R. Tay/or, T. A. Alc lahon . . . . . . . . . . . .1112

Vermetid Giastropods aind lntertidal Reefs in Israel and Bermlllida: U. N . Safriel 1113

Radioimullunoassax for Hiniuimn Procollagen: Al. B. Taiho im, B. Go/l/er,e.C. J. Seri ................................................................. 1115

Adenosine 3'.5'-Monophosphate Content in Rat Caudate Nucleus: D)emonstrationof Dopaminergic and Adrenergic Receptors: J. Forni, B. K. KruegWer,P. Gree gard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8

Iead Contamination around Secondarv Smelters: E-stimation of I)ispers.al andAcCutmulation by Humains: T. A4. RoCrTt et al. .......................... 1120

Viability of Stored Seed: Extension by Catthodic Pr-otectioni: VN. W. PmmIeit,nc r.J. H. Adam.son, P. Berjak .......... . . . . .. .. ......... ..... 123

Serological Detection of Mixed I ymphocyte CuIltuire Identity between Cells ThaltDiffer bv One Hl-A Haplotype: T. Kovithavt,o,p et al .......................1124

)endritic Spine -Dvsgenesis" and Mental Retardation: O). P.'urpuro................. 1126

Svnergism of Insecticides b\ Herbicides: Ffect of Environmental Factors:T. 71. Liam,s. and I . P. Lichten,ste i,! ...... .................................................. 1128

TIarget StruIctuire aind Echo Spectral Discrimina.tion by Echolocating Batts:J. A. Simmios et al . ................. ........ ............. ...... . 1130

NCeirall Basis ot Orientation Perception in l3riniate Vision: R. J. W. Aflamsfiehl.t.... ... 1133

T('/e11hCid Commznielts: Retrograde Anmnesia and the "Remllinder Effect':,4. Al. Schnei(ler: P. V Gold, J. W. Haycock, J. l. .1(-Gaulph............. ... 1135

MEETINGS The Brain: Ani Enidocrinic Organi and Hormlonie T11igct: W. L. Stumpf alnldtL. D. Grant: Transmissible Disease and Blood TralnsfLsionl: R. Y. Dodd.Forthconming Fvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137

H M. DAVISRD H. GOODENOUGH

ILOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E)h L. Smileyion E. BisqueDICAL SCIENCES (N)

J. Farberiard J. Johns.TISTICS (U)1 W. Tukeyi Glaser

CARYL P. HASKINS WILLIAM T. GOLDENCHAUNCEY STARR Treasurer

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G)Beatrice M. SweeneyJane C. Kaltenbach

AGRICULTURE (0)Ned D. BayleyJ. Lawrence Apple

ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERICSCIENCES (W)

William R. BandeenStanley A. Changnon, Jr.

ANTHROPOLOGY (H)Bernice KaplanPhilleo Nash

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P)Gabor StrasserRobert L. Stern

GENERAL (X)Frederick SeitzJoseph F. Coates

American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in4. Its objects are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, torove the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public under-iding and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.tmaster: Send Form 3547 to SCIENCE, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, NW. Washington, D.C. 20005.

COVER

Toddler explores his Surroundings.Fore children of New (Guinea areprovided considerable fr-eedom topursue their spontaneous interests andpredilections without adult concernor interference. This freedonm extendsto exploring the characteristics of po-tentially dangerous objects such asaxes or knives. See page 1079. 1E.Richard Sorenson, Smithsonian Insti-t LItior. Washington, D.C.]

20 December 1974, Volume 186, Numb

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the

presentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CRowSEYMOUR S. KETYFRANK PRESS

'974FRAN.K W. PUTNAMMAXINE F. SINGERGORDON WOLMAN

1975HERBERr S. GUTOWSKY -DONALD LINDSLEYN. BRUCE HANNAY RUTH PATRICKDONALD KENNEDY RAYMOND H. THOMPSONDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

Editorial Staff

Editor: PHILIP H. ABELSONBusiness Manager: HANS NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

Assistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.RINGLE

Assistant to the Edttors: PATRICIA ROWENews and Comnment: JOHN WALSH, LUTHER J.

CARTER, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLETrE, NICHO-LAS WADE, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, BARBARA J. CULLITON,SCHERRAINE MACK

Research News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAMD. METZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH II, JEAN L. MARX,ARTHUR L. ROBINSON, GINA BARI KOLATA, FANNIEGROOM

Book Reviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, LYNNMANFIFLD, JANFT KEGG

Cover Editor: GRAYCE FINGER

Editorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISABELLABOULDIN, ELEANORE BUTZ, MARY DORFMAN, SYLVIAEBERHART, JUDITH GIYELBER, CORINE HARRIS, NANCYHARTNAGEL, OLIVER HEATWOLE, CSRISTINE KARLIK,MARGARET LLOYD, ERIC POGGENPOHL, JEAN ROCKWOOD,LEAH RYAN, LOIS SCHMITT, RiCHARI SEMIKLOnE,YA Li SWIGART, ELEANOR WARNERGuide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD SOMMER

Membership Recruitment: GWENDOLYN HUDDLE;Subscription Records and Member Records: ANNRAGLAND

Advertising Staff

DirectorEARL J. SCHERAGO

Production ManagerMARGARET STEELING

Advertising Sales Manager: RIcHARD L. CHARIES

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Herbert L. Burklund,11 W. 42 St. (212-PE-6-1858); ScoTcH PLAINS, N.J.07076: C. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873); CHICAGO, ILL. 60611: Jack Ryan, Room2107, 919 N. Michigan Ave. (312-DE-7-4973); BEV-ERLY HILLS, CALIF. 90211: Winn Nance. 111 N. LaCienega Blvd. (213-657-2772); DORSET, VT. 05251:Fred W. Dieffenbach, Kent Hill Rd. (802-867-5581)

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phones:(Area code 202) Central Office: 467-4350; Book Re-views: 467-4367; Business Office: 467-4411; Circula-tion: 467-4417; Guide to Scientific Instruments: 467-4480; News and Comment: 467-4430; Reprints andPermissions: 467-4483; Research News: 467-4321;Reviewing: 467-4440. Cable: Advancesci. Washington.Copies of "Instructions for Contributors" can beobtained from the editorial office. See also page xv.Science, 28 June 1974. ADVERTISING CORRE-SPONDENCE: Room 1740, 11 W. 42 St., New York,N Y 10036. Phone: 212-PE-61858.

,er 4169 SCIENC:E

Social Sciences, Future Tense

The social sciences are currently under attack, notably from universi-ties and government agencies, who are their primary patrons. Budgetrestrictions are the immediate impetus behind the attack, as universityand government administrators are forced *to find weak spots to savemoney. There is firm evidence of this in the new National ScienceFoundation budget, which contains no increase for the social sciences.

Senator Proxmire's criticism of exotic social science research might bedismissed as another congressional ritual were it not for echoes in therhetoric voiced by high-level administrators. There are several forms ofthat rhetoric. Type 1 avers that social scientists are not studying immedi-ate social problems, which by the accepted division of scientific laborare meant to be within their province. Type 2 stresses an apparent lackof scientific standards in the social sciences by which research findingsand generalizations can be validated. Type 3 focuses on the numerousarguments within each of the disciplines and the evident lack of con-sensus. All add up to an abysmally low appraisal of the social sciences.

It would be foolish to dismiss these criticisms as only a temporarystorm. The economic situation is not likely to improve quickly, andpressures for budget cutting can be expected to continue. For anotherthing, administrators are likely to convince themselves that they areright, thereby committing themselves to force a reorganization of thesocial sciences. A likely consequence of these forces in the long run maybe a leveling of the differences in orientation and perspective that havebeen the intellectual life of every social science. This could come aboutpartly through a reactive response by social scientists to answer type 3complaints and partly through the ascendancy of those who will respondto the type 1 complaints as they see scarce funds directed toward certaintypes of research.

There is no time to try to educate university and government adminis-trators about the real nature of the social sciences. Besides, if we havenot succeeded in educating them in the past 25 years we are not likelyto succeed in the next few years. Nor will much be gained by counter-arguments that social problems are highly complex, that social scientistsare seldom consulted about policy and little interest has been shown intheir findings, or that continuing basic research is as necessary for thesocial as for the other sciences. Most administrators, I suspect, have aself-fulfilling image of the social sciences by which they perceive onlythose features that support what they already believe.

I propose several countermeasures. First, we do need to take a hardlook at our disciplines, as those best informed to determine where wewant to go and how best to get there. This does not mean trying toforce a single mold, and like an oppressed people desperately trying toconform to the image drawn by administrators. Second, we might beginto practice some "democratic centralism," keeping our criticisms withinthe discipline rather than airing them in public to win supporters to onepoint of view or another. Outsiders view these without any perspectiveas serious complaints. Finally, we might begin aggressively to insist on abalanced recognition of what we know and do, an activity that we haveheretofore dismissed. It is not often the social scientists who falter inapplying the consequences of their research, but rather the high-level ad-ministrators themselves who are looking only for modifications that canbe applied within existing social forms.-LEONARD REISSMAN, Chairman,Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853