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Transcript of & P ïtimetraveler.html.xdomain.jp/pdf_sotsuron/2009_Kitano...41 ï « # Û H [ , hõ b u P Ù H [ ,...
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1
20 2009 3
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2
1
2 ]
2-1
2-2
2-2-1 ×
2-2-2
2-2-3
2-2-4 ×
2-2-5
2-3
2-3-1
2-3-2
3
3-1
3-1-1 pH
3-1-2 EC
3-1-3
3-1-4 ] CEC
3-1-5
3-1-6 X
3-1-7 X
3-1-8
3-1-9
3-2
-
3
4
4-1
4-1-1 pH
4-1-2 EC
4-1-3
4-1-4 ] CEC
4-1-5
4-1-6 X
4-1-7 X
4-1-8
4-2
4-3
5
-
4
1 ( )
] Geophagia ] 4
4 4 4 4 [
Wilson, 2003 5 4
4 18
[ [ 4 [
] [ [ ] 5 4 ]
[ 4 De Medicina [
5 [416 17 × 4 ( )
[ 5 418 19 4
× [ 4
Otomacs 5
[ Alexander von Humboldt [
Wilson, 2003 5 4 ] 4
4 ]
5 4 4
6 4 4 6
4 5 4
] 4
(Woywodt and Kiss, 2002)5 [4 4
4 [ 4
[ ] 5 4
[4 [ 5
-
5
4 [ (California Earth Minerals Co.
Ltd.)5 5
] [4 4 4
4 4 4 ×
[ 5 [4
[ 4
] 5
]
4 [ [ ] 5
] 6
[ 4 (
5 ]49 4
] [4 5 ] 5
[ 6 4 5
× ] 5 × ]
4 [33× ] 5
4 × 4
4 [ 4 ]
4 [ [ 5
6 [ 4
[ 5 4
[ ] 4
[ 5
-
6
4 ] [
5 ] 4 1 5000
×
[
[ 5 ×
4
[ 5 3000 4
[ 5 2000
] 4 [ 4 4
] ] 4
4 ] ] 4 ]
5
4 [ 5
4 4 4 4
6 ] [ 5 4
5
] [ 4 4
× 4 5
4 5 4
4 [ 4
4 [ ] 5 4
4 ] [ ]
1941 5 4 ] [4
-
7
] [ [ [ ] 5
] 4 4
4 ] ] 5 4 4
] 5 ] 4
]
] 5 4 ×
4 ]
] 5 4 ]
] 1941 5
4 ] [ ] [ 4
4 4
] 5 4 [
4 5
4
[ 5 4
] 5 ] 4
] ] [ 5
4 4
] ] [ 5 4
] 4 × 4
] 5 4
] × [4
] ] 4
] 4 5 4
pH1 2 ] ] johns, 1986 5
-
8
4 4
] ] [ 4 ×
]
] [ ] 5
4 4 4
5 ] ]4 ]
] [ 4
[ 5 4
4 4
5 4 × 2
[ 4 4
] [ 5
]
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4 ― 4
5 4 ] [ 5
[4 49 9 9 6]
4 [ 5 49
4 ] 4
] 4 9 4
] 5 ] ] [ 5
49
] ]
[ 2007 5
-
9
]
4 [
] [ 5 4
× 5 4
4 4
4
[ 5 1973, 1995
] 4 ] [
] [ 5
4 × [ 5 4
4 [ 4
] 5 4
[ 4 ]
4 ] [ ] [ ] 5
4 4
5 Oliver, 1997
4 5
4 ] [4 6
4 [ 4 4
] ] [ 5 4
4
-
10
4 [
5 4 × ]
5 WHO, 1996 4 4
] [ Oliver, 1997 5
] [ ]4 [
[ ] 5 4
] [
4 4 ] ]
] ] ] 5
4 [4
4 5 [4
[ pH EC4 4CEC4 4
4 4 4 5
pH EC 4
] 5 4CEC ]
4 4
] 4 4
× ] 5 [4
4 [ 4
4 ]
[ ] 5
-
11
4
5 4 4
] 2:1 5
[4 ] 4
5
4 ] [ [ 4 4
] 5
-
12
2 ]
2-1
] 4
4 5
5
-
13
2-2
2-2-1 ×
× 4 × [4
× [
5 ] [ [ 5
5
4 [
5 ] [ 4 ]
[ [ 4
[ 5
× 200 300
[ [
] 2000 4
[ 5
× [ [
] 5
] 4 ×
[ ] Å ] 4 ] [
] 5
-
14
2-2-2
× 4 [
9 ] [ 4 [
[ 5 ] 9 ]
5 [
4 [
] [ [ ] 5
] 4
[ ] Å ] 4 ] [
] 5
2-2-3
4
] [ [ 4 [
4
[ [ 5
[ 4 ] 4
] [ 5
2-2-4 ×
×
5 [ ] [ 5
[ [ ] 4 ] 9
× ] 5 4
[ ] [ 5 4 ]
-
15
4 5 4 ]
4 ] 5 4
[
[ 5
2-2-5
1995 4 × ]
] [ 5 ×
4 0.5km
[ 4o-toy-oma-nay
] [ 5
] ] 4
4 [ ] 4
5
[ 4
5
-
16
2-3
2-3-1
10km 4 [
] 5 4 4
] [ ] [ 5
] [ 4 4
] 5
5
2-3-2
5
[ 4
4 4
] ] 4
]
] [ 5
4 I (KPI)
] [ 1999 5
4 4 ℃
5 ] 4
Å ] ] 5
-
17
3
3-1
3-1-1 pH
9 P.70 71 × 5
3-1-2 EC
9 P.74 76 1:5 5
3-1-3
9 P.124 126
5
3-1-4 ] CEC
9 P.150 154
4 P.155 160
5 4CEC 5
5
4Na2HPO41.4195g4NaOH1.4g4 5.08g
[ 100ml 4 ] 5 4
20g ] 30mg 100ml 4
] 5 [4 (
5.2%) 5
4100ppmN 0,1,2,3,4,5ml( Å 10ml ) 100ml
× ] 5 410%KCL1ml 4100ml 4
0,1,2,3,4,5ppmN 5 410%KCL 1ml 100ml
-
18
× [ 100ml 4 ] 5 4
5
4 1ml 1ml 18ml ] 5
3ml 4 0.4ml
4 250 5 [4
1ml 8 4 0.2ml 5 ]4
250 1 4660nm 5
CEC
( N /14).(100/1000) .100.(100/ g) .
me/100g (cmol/kg)] 5
3-1-5
9 P.14 22 5
3-1-6 X
3-1-6-1
10000 4 0.3g
] ( )( 2)30g 4
( × ) × 5 4 X
3070 5
3-1-6-2
0.5g 4
4 × 5 4 X
3070 5
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19
3-1-7 X
9Standard method for mineral analysis of soil survey samples for
characterization and classification in NZ soil bureau P.8 15 5
3-1-7
9 1992 P.29
5
3-1-8
9 P.8 10 5
3-2
4 5ml [ 600 4
5 4 [4
[ (2 )5 [4 5ml ] 40 800
4 5 4 [4
[ (2 )5 4 10ml ]
1.5ml 490 1000 5 4 15
4 1g 4
5 4 [4
[ (2 )5
] 4 5
-
20
4
4-1
4-1-1 pH
pH H2O 4 × pH6.3 6.984
pH7.56 4 ]
4pH5.3 6.3 ] 5 4
pH H2O ] pH KCL 2.47 ] 4 pH
H2O ] pH KCL 2.52 ] ] 4 [
] Å ] 5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
pH(KCl)
pH(H2O)
8 6
7 6
5
.
4
0
-
21
4-1-2 EC
× EC
Å 4 ] 5 4
× 1 219µS4 × 4 119.6µS4 309µS4
131.6µS4 145.6µS ] Å 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
12S2C34123
12345
123
EC (µS/cm)
-
22
4-1-3
15g/kg 4 ×
5 4 × 4
] 5 4 1.24g/kg
4 ] 4 ] 5
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
12S2C
34123
12345
123
(g/kg)
-
23
4-1-4 ] CEC
[ CEC Å
5 4 ]
] [ Å 4100
4 5 4
× ] 5
CEC [ 4 ] 10 80cmolkg-1
Å 4 ] [ 2:1 4
[ ] 5 4 × 1 CEC
85.4cmol/kg ] Å 4 ] 5
] CEC
0
50
100
150
200
250
87 6 (%)
CEC
1 3
0 94
52
-
24
]
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Mg 2+
Ca 2+
1 3
0
4
52
-
25
4-1-5
4 5 89.8
4 [ 4
4 ] 5
4 × 34.8 5 4
86.5 0 4 [
5 4 ] 4
] 5
-
26
4-1-6 X
)
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
12S2C34123
12345
123
SiO2 (%)
-
27
)
2 5 Å ] 4
] 5 2 4
1 2 5
)
0.43 0.67
] 4 0.33 1.03 ]
] 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
12S2C34123
12345
123
SiO2/Al2O3 ( )
-
28
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
12S2C
34123
12345
123
CaO (%)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
12S2C
34123
12345
123
MgO (%)
-
29
)
18.9 ] 4 ×
28.7 ] ] 5 4 ]
5
0 20 40 60 80
12S2C34123
12345
123
Cu (mg kg-1)
0 50 100 150
12S2C34123
12345
123
Zn (mg kg-1)
-
30
4-1-7 X
4 ] 4 ×
[ 5
4 4 5500
] 10.21 5 [4
] ( 1 4
]4 1 5 4
] 5
4 ×4 4
× Å 5 4 ]
4 [ 9.0 10.01
5
X
K
K
Mg
Mg
10
150 X
Mg
Mg
18.8
15.2
-
31
4-1-8
× ] 3 4 4 × 4
25.98 ] 30.41 16.73 414.53 18.44 Å 4
5
] 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
12S2C34123
12345
123
(%)
-
32
4-2
] 4 × 3 ] 4
4 4 [4 5
4 4 5
4 ]] ×
5 4 4 × 3
5 4 4 4
5
-
33
-
34
4-3
×
pH6.3~6.98 ] 4
5.74~10.9g/kg 4 ℃
[ ] 5 [4CEC ] Å 4
4 1 ] 3
] 5 4
× Å ] ] [ 5 4 1 ] 3
4 2 ] 4 ]
] 4 3 ] 4 4
5 ] 4 ] [
4 2 4 5
4 9 ] 135 ℃
]] 5 4
4 [ 5
pH5.12~6.4 4 5.45~8.1g/kg
4 [ ] 5 [4CEC ]
Å 4 4
] 5 4
× Å 5 4
4 5
4 [ ] [ ] 5
-
35
pH pH6.69 ] 4
9.4g/kg 4 [ ] 5 [4
CEC ] Å 4 ]
5 4 4 ×
Å 5
4 ] [ [
5
×
pH5.94~6.6 ] 4 5
10.5g/kg 4 15.72~21.9g/kg 4
[ ] 5 [4CEC ] Å
4 4 2 ] 3 4 4
] 5
4 5 4 1 ] 2
4 3 ] 4 4 5
4 ] 5
a Me-a 4 c Me-c 4 l Sipf-l ℃
[ ] 4 ]
5 4 ] [ ] 5
-
36
pH6.93 ] 4 1.24g/kg
5 4CEC ] 4 ]
5 4 5
4 ] [ 5
] 4 ] [ ] 5 4
× ] [ ] 4
4 ] [ 5
4 ] [ 5
pH pH5.34~6.34 4 10.18~11.44g/kg
4 [ ] 5 [4CEC ]
Å 4 4 150cm
] 5
4 Å 5 4
5
4 [ ] [ 5
-
37
pH pH7.56 4
4 5
14.64g/kg 4 [ ]
5 [4CEC ] Å 4 4
] 5 4 Å
4 ]
5 4 × Å 5
4 4 5
4 ] 4 ] [
] 5
-
38
5
Geophagia 4
4 4 4 [ 5
4 4 [
[ 5
4 [ [ ] 4
4 [ 5
4 ] [ ]4
[ [ ] 5 4
[ ] [
[4 4
5 4
4 4 ] ] ]
] ] 5 4 pH EC4
4CEC4 4 4 4
4 5
4 ] 4 ] [
] ] 5 4
4 4 4
[ 5 × [ 4
4
× 5 4
[ 4 × ] 4
5
-
39
[4 4
4 [ ] 5
4 4 ] [
4
] 5 4
4 ] 5
[4 4 [
] 4 ] 5
-
40
4 ]
5 4 ] [4
5 4 4
[ 2 Ian A.
Navarrete 5
[4 [
4 Å 4 4 4
] 4
6 5
-
41
pp.354
1990)
p.82,83 1992
J.S.Whitton and G.J.Churchman Standard method for mineral
analysis of soil survey samples for characterization and classification
in NZ soil bureau. NZ soil Bureau Scientific
Report;80:8-11,12-15(1987)
A. Woywodt, MD. A. Kiss, FCS(SA): Geophagia: the history of
earth-eating. J R Soc Med;95:143-146(2002)
C. Reilly and J. Henry: Geophagia: why do humans consume
soil?.British nutrition foundation Nutrition
Bulletin;25:141-144(2000)
T. johns : Detoxification function of geophagy and domestication of
the potato .Journal of chemical ecology; Vol.12 No.3:635-646(1986)
M. Nchito, P.W. Geissler, L. Mubila, H. Friis, A. Olsen : Effect of iron
and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two
factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in
Lusaka .Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene;98:218-227(2004)
M. A. Oliver: Soil and human health: a review.European journal of
soil science, December;48:573-592(1997)
-
42
M.J.Wilson : Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of
geophagic materials .Journal of Chemical Ecology;Vol.29
No.7:1525-1529(2003)
pp.211
1977)
] ] p.55
1989)
No.4,1989
p.50 66 1989
p.5 14 1985
p.24 28,243
1997
1 pp.531
2006
p. 62 63 69 72 118 140 143 199 469 474
Å p.40,41,304,305
(1978)
Å
p.42,43,88,89,310,311,474,475,484,485
(1978)
] pp.316 2004)
pp.586 1984)
3 p.276,277352,353
1973)
-
43
p.64,65,204,205 1976
[ 15 6 p.393
396(1941)
pp.471 1995)
p.50
1983)
12
50~55(1999)
p.40 41,148 151
(1992)
]
pp.76 (2007)
- p.96~111
(2000)
2 9
(http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~kaempfer/map-hanashi/tietoi.htm)
×
(http://www.tokachi.co.jp/kachi/jour/01.tokachi/5.html)
1 9
(http://www.tokachi.co.jp/kachi/hensyu/08.html)
11a 8
http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~gln/31/3111a.htm)
6
http://pws.prserv.net/metha/caucasus.htm
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44
Rising costs force Haiti’s poor to resort to dirt as food
http://www.haiti-info.com/spip.php?article4495
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45
pH EC
C K 3. . 0 3. 2 - 41
O5 ( ( (O 5 ( ( (O 5 ( (O5 ( ) )O5 ( (
5EO5 )5 O5 ) ) ) (5 O5 ( (E ( ( (
98 5) ( (98 5 ( )98 5 ) ( ( )98 598 5
( ( ) )S5 ( ) ) )
S5 67 ) )S5 67 )(
H ) (
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
50 36 ( 8
50 36 8
50 36 ) (8
50 36 ) 8
50 36 8
7124
H
H - 8
H - 8
-
46
H C
H C K
H C K
H C
H C
C
C
C
72158 (
72158
72158 ) (
72158 )
72158
346
0
0
-
-
47
OP7 /. - (0/k 1k 1 (k O 1 )k 1k 1
g 1 1g 1 1 ( (g 1 1
65 1 (65 1( ( (65 1 )65 1 )65 1( (( (
891
1 24(1 24 (
)
(/ 0/ 3 O
P
P
1047 (
1047
1047 ) (
1047 )
1047
235
O
O .
O .
8 -
-
48
1 7
%
%%
3 5.3 5. %3 5. %
80 69 %80 69 %%80 69 %80 69 %80 69 %
247
- %- %
%
-
49
3 H7 8 S
0 -0 -0 -
0 .i 0
m 0 2m 0 2 -m 0 2C
65 0 -65 0 -65 065 065 0
89 -0
0 14 -0 14L
-
50
X
5 X
K
K
Mg
K
K
150 X
-
51
CEC
K 05( 6 9%87 3 7( 6 9%87 2 6 9%87 45 6 9%87 6 9%87 0 10 6 9%87 m k g )+ . + +) ( -- . (+ .+ + .
m k c ) ( / . / .+ - ((( -m k c . ( .( ) ( (( + . ( (
m k ). -- + ( (- +) + . )+ / (- )m k ( ) ( /. )+ ( (. -- ( / )- +
lok M / ) (- ( /. ( . ) -lok . /. ( /+ -( ( ((- -lok N ( / ) + ( -. + / .
( . ( /( ( ) - / / ./ -E - ( ( / . ( () (- (+ ) .E + (+ (( /. + / ( () ) (+ ) /) (E (. )- . ( / .( . +E ). ) ( ( - ) +/ ( ./ + /E + ++ ( /) + ) .) / / (+-C ( - -) -. / +
a - +/ ( . ) - . )a + / ( . . /. - )a + / ( ( ./ ( - ( /. ) - /
/ / ( / + ( . ). ( . (
-
52
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
(cmol/kg)
Ca2+ cmol/kg
Mg2+ cmol/kg
K+ cmol/kg
Na+ cmol/kg
-
53
)
E
76
76 ( (
76
76
76 ( ((
8
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%
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2- 03 ( 5
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5
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X
.
2 69% %% %
% %% %% % %% %
% % %%% % % % % %
% % %% % %
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346 % %O % %
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% %
-
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% )
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A
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65 ( %(
65 %
65
65 ( ((
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14(
14 (
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( , %
e
e
e
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8 %) )
8 ,
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8 () ))
F M S
F M S47)
F M S47%)
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( , %
N
a
a
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8 %) )
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(
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A g r9 6 86N Y 4 - - - .7 /5 05 1 2 3 3
u s nu s o ku s o k
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CCCCC
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ZS
-
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( ,
a bR
a bR
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B , (
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3
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