Bm w7 Rock and Stones

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Transcript of Bm w7 Rock and Stones

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ROCKS & STONES~DEFINITION

ROCKS: 

i) A lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter.

ii) Material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the

Earth's crust 

STONES:

i) A lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter.

ii) Building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for aspecial purpose.

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ROCKS & STONES~DEFINITION

IN CONSTRUCTION:

Rock  –  

 An indefinite mixture of naturally occurring substances, mainly minerals. Its

composition may vary in containment of minerals and organic substances, and are

never exact.

Stone  –  

Small piece of rock; may or may not refer to ornamental material.

To ease the understanding of this topic, Rock=Stone.

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ROCKS & STONES

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN

In geology, rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/ormineraloids.

The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. In general rocks areof three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

The scientific study of rocks is called petrology, and petrology is an essentialcomponent of geology.

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN

Igneous rock is formed by magma (molten rock) being cooled and becomingsolid. They may form with or without crystallization, either below the surfaceas intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.

Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formedbeneath the surface of Earth's crust. These have diverse properties, dependingon their composition and how they were formed. It is nonporous, hard, strongand durable.

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN

Sedimentary rock is formed by deposition and consolidation of mineral and organic

material and from precipitation of minerals from solution 

Rock formed from sediments covers 75-80% of the Earth's land area, and includes

common types such as limestone, chalk , dolostone, sandstone, conglomerate, sometypes of breccia, and shale.

Sedimentary rocks are formed because of the overburden pressure as particles of sediment are deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles

in suspension. 

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN-Sedimentary Rocks

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ROCKS & STONES~ORIGIN

Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures andpressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals,known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite,and some garnet.

They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface,subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layersabove it.

Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, andquartzite. 

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ROCKS & STONES (Igneous Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

Stone Masonry: Building stones obtained by quarrying from the rocky strata of earth and reducing it to the required shapes and sizes for construction.

Granite : Consists mainly of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other colouredminerals; colours include black, grey, red, pink, brown, buff, and green.

Serpentine: Main ingredient is serpentine; colour ranges from olive green togreenish black, is fine grained and dense.

Basalt : Colour ranges from grey to black; used mainly for paving stones and

retaining walls.

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GraniteNon-porous, hard, strong, durableColour Range

Surface TexturesPrimary Uses

ROCKS & STONES (Igneous Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Serpentine

ROCKS & STONES (Igneous Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Basalt

ROCKS & STONES (Igneous Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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ROCKS & STONES (Sedimentary Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

Sedimentary : Sediments deposited by the action of water or wind getsconsolidated to a rock.

Sandstone : Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains made of silica,iron oxide and clay - Colours include grey, brown, light brown, buff, russet,red, copper, and purple.

Shale: Derived from clays and silts; weak along planes and is in thinlaminations - High in limestone and colour varies from black to red, yellow,

and blue.Limestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite and dolomite - Three types:oolitic, dolomitic and crystalline - Has high compressive strength - Used forbuilding stones and for paneling.

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SandstonePorous, relatively weak Colour Range

Surface Textures

ROCKS & STONES (Sedimentary Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Shale

ROCKS & STONES (Sedimentary Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Limestone

ROCKS & STONES (Sedimentary Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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ROCKS & STONES (Metamorphic Rock) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

Metamorphic: Igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat and pressureinto another rock.

Marble: Recrystallized limestone, colour varies from white through grey and

black, red, violet, pink, yellow, and green - Presence of oxides of iron, silica,graphite, carbonaceous, matter, and mica produce these colour variations.

Quartzite: It is a variety of and stone composed of mainly granular quartzcemented by silica, colour varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red throughgrey.

Schist: Made of silica with smaller amounts of iron oxide and magnesiumoxide. Colour varies from blue, green, brown, gold, white, grey, and red.

Slate: Consists mainly of clays and shales - Major ingredients are silicondioxide, iron oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, and sometimestitanium, calcium and sulfur - Slate found in parallel layers, which enables it tobe cut into thin sheets.

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ROCKS & STONES (Metamorphic Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTIONMarble

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Quartzite

ROCKS & STONES (Metamorphic Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Schist

ROCKS & STONES (Metamorphic Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Slate

ROCKS & STONES (Metamorphic Rock ) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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ROCKS & STONES (Crushed Stones) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate ", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel,crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates.

 Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete andasphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength tothe overall composite material.

 Aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable,uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road orbuilding), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or

asphalt to form concrete. 

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 Aggregate

ROCKS & STONES (Crushed Stones) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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ROCKS & STONES (Crushed Stones) 

~USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION

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Black Granite CreamGranite

BeigeGranite

African FantasyGraniteAfrican Ivory Granite Yellow desert Granite

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Sedimentary stone came from organic elements such asglaciers, rivers, wind, oceans, and plants. Tinysedimentary pieces broke off from these elements andaccumulated to form rock beds. They were bondedthrough millions of years of heat and pressure.Compacted into layers by water weight  –  sandstoneBy heat and pressure  –  limestone

Limestone: Mainly consists of calcite. It does not show muchgraining or crystalline structure. It has a smooth granularsurface. Varies in hardness. Some dense limestone's can bepolished. Common colors are black, gray, white, yellow orbrown. It is more likely to stain than marble. Limestone isknown to contain lime from sea water.

Sandstone: Is a very durable formation of quartz grains(sand). Usually formed in light brown or red colors.Categorized by the most popular sandstone bonding agentssuch as silica, calcium, clay, and iron oxide.Soapstone: A very soft stone made of a variety of talc. It is adense mineral that wears well and is often resistant to stains.

Fossilstone: Considered a limestone that contains naturalfossils such as sea shells and plants. Travertine: Usually acream or reddish color. It is formed through the accumulationof calcite from hot springs. It contains lots of holes that wereformed from water flowing through the stone. These holes areoften filled with synthetic resins or cements. Requires lots of maintenance if the holes are not filled. Classified as alimestone and a marble.

Verona limestone

Opera Fantastico limestone

Mosaic Cremo limestone

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Metamorphic stoneoriginates from a natural change from one typeof stone to another type through the mixture of 

heat, pressure, and minerals. The change maybe a development of a crystalline formation, atexture change, or a color change. 

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Slate: A fine grained metamorphic stone that formedfrom clay, sedimentary rock shale, and sometimesquartz. Very thin and can break easily. Usually black,grey, or green.

METAMORPHIC STONE - SLATE

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Marble: A recrystallized limestone that formed whenthe limestone softened from heat and pressure andrecrystallized into marble where mineral changesoccurred. The main consistency is calcium anddolomite. Ranges in many colors and is usually heavily

veined and shows lots of grains. Marble is classified intothree categories:

1. Dolomite: If it has more than 40% magnesiumcarbonate.

2. Magnesian: If it has between 5% and 40%magnesium carbonate.3. Calcite: If it has less than 5% magnesium carbonate.

METAMORPHIC STONE - MARBLE

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STONE CLASSIFICATION

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S O C SS C O

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Verona limestoneOpera Fantastico limestone

Mosaic Cremo limestone

White marble

Verde tabriz marble

Rosso Levanto marbleStatuarito marble

Rosa Onyx

Smeraldo OnyxQuartz

Quartz

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Teak wood sandstone

GreenSlate

MulticolorSlate

GreenSoapstone Polished Soapstone

Travertine russo

Travertine silver

Rainbowsandstone

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ROCKS & STONES

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~CONCLUSION